Reference Values for Liver Stiffness in Newborns by Gestational Age, Sex, and Weight Using Three Different Elastography Methods
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Collected Anthropometric and Clinical Variables
2.5. Technical Variables Collected
2.5.1. B-Mode Ultrasound Technical Variables
2.5.2. Hepatic Elastography Technical Variables
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Reference Values of Liver Stiffness by Gestational Age, Birth Weight, and Sex
3.2.1. Gestational Age vs. Liver Stiffness
3.2.2. Relationship Between Birth Weight and Sex vs. Liver Stiffness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maternal Variables | ||
---|---|---|
Type of gestation | ||
Single | 281 (97.91%) | |
Twins | 6 (2.09%) | |
Type of delivery | ||
Eutocic vaginal | 146 (50.87%) | |
Instrumented vaginal | 29 (10.10%) | |
Cesarean section | 112 (39.02%) | |
Anthropometric measures | ||
Female | 113 (39.37%) | |
Male | 174 (60.63%) | |
Gestational age (weeks) | 34.91 (±4.35) | |
Gestational age (total days) | 247.28 (±30.45) | |
Birth weight (gr.) | 2371.42 (±911.09) | |
Birth weight percentile | 39.84 (±28.34) | |
Length (cm.) | 45.12 (±5.75) | |
Length percentile | 46.05 (±29.41) | |
Head circumference (cm.) | 31.81 (±4.30) | |
Head circumference percentile | 46.93 (±30.76) | |
Size at birth | ||
Normal | 217 (75.61%) | |
Big | 20 (6.97%) | |
Small | 50 (17.42%) | |
Neonatal variables | ||
Neonatal respiratory distress | 135 (47.04%) | |
Perinatal asphyxia | 26 (9.06%) | |
Neonatal hypoxic-isquemic injury | 12 (4.18%) | |
Patent ductus arteriosus | 22 (7.67%) | |
Patent foramen ovale and other intracardiac shunts | 36 (12.54%) | |
Congenital heart disease | 13 (4.53%) | |
Pulmonary hipertension | 18 (6.27%) | |
Fetal growth restriction | 29 (10.10%) | |
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome | 6 (2.09%) | |
Physiological neonatal jaundice | 81 (22.8%) | |
Ecographic variables | ||
Fasting | 25(8.71%) | |
Pathological liver ultrasound | 21 (7.32%) | |
Pathological biliary tract and gallbladder ultrasound | 0 (0.00%) | |
Examination time (min.) | ||
pSWE | 2.28 (±1.71) | |
2D-SWEcx | 0.70 (±0.45) | |
2D-SWEln | 0.56 (±0.29) | |
Mechanic index | ||
pSWE | 1.52 (±0.81) | |
2D-SWEcx | 1.48 (±0.09) | |
2D-SWEln | 1.380 (±0.049) | |
Thermic index | ||
pSWE | 0.28 (±0.13) | |
2D-SWEcx | 1.03 (±0.16) | |
2D-SWEln | 0.81 (±0.13) |
Characteristic | <=28 N = 25 | 29–32 N = 43 | 33–36 N = 60 | 37–39 N = 49 | >=40 N = 39 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pSWE_kPa | |||||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 3.50 (3.10, 4.10) | 3.80 (3.00, 4.30) | 3.35 (3.00, 4.00) | 3.30 (2.80, 3.95) | 3.10 (3.00, 3.60) |
Mean (SD) | 3.69 (0.82) | 3.84 (0.94) | 3.51 (0.75) | 3.40 (0.73) | 3.37 (0.78) |
Min, Max | 2.60, 5.40 | 2.50, 7.40 | 2.30, 5.30 | 2.10, 5.30 | 2.30, 6.20 |
pSWE_ms | |||||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.17) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.99, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.15) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.10) |
Mean (SD) | 1.10 (0.12) | 1.12 (0.13) | 1.08 (0.11) | 1.06 (0.12) | 1.06 (0.11) |
Min, Max | 0.92, 1.34 | 0.91, 1.56 | 0.88, 1.33 | 0.84, 1.33 | 0.87, 1.44 |
2D-SWEcx_kPa | |||||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 4.20 (3.00, 5.00) | 4.40 (3.60, 5.00) | 4.10 (3.60, 4.50) | 4.20 (3.50, 4.90) | 3.60 (3.10, 4.20) |
Mean (SD) | 4.25 (1.40) | 4.43 (1.19) | 4.01 (0.81) | 4.10 (0.95) | 3.72 (1.19) |
Min, Max | 2.00, 8.30 | 1.80, 7.90 | 1.50, 5.70 | 2.20, 6.10 | 2.00, 8.80 |
2D-SWEcx_ms | |||||
Median (Q1, Q3) | 1.29 (1.06, 1.30) | 1.21 (1.09, 1.30) | 1.17 (1.09, 1.22) | 1.18 (1.07, 1.29) | 1.09(1.01, 1.18) |
Mean (SD) | 1.19 (0.19) | 1.21 (0.16) | 1.16 (0.11) | 1.17 (0.14) | 1.10 (0.16) |
Min, Max | 0.82, 1.66 | 0.76, 1.62 | 0.86, 1.38 | 0.84, 1.42 | 0.82, 1.71 |
Outcome | N | Beta | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
pSWE_kPa | 199 | −0.01 | −0.03, 0.00 | 0.074 |
pSWE_ms | 199 | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.067 |
2D-SWEcx_kPa | 212 | −0.01 | −0.03, 0.00 | 0.084 |
2D-SWEcx_ms | 212 | 0.00 | −0.01, 0.00 | 0.049 |
2D-SWEln_kPa | 210 | −0.02 | −0.06, 0.01 | 0.2 |
2d-SWEln_ms | 210 | 0.00 | −0.01, 0.00 | 0.4 |
Abbreviation: CI = Confidence Interval |
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Lancharro Zapata, Á.; Aguado del Hoyo, A.; Sánchez Gómez de Orgaz, M.d.C.; del Pilar Pintado Recarte, M.; Navarro, P.G.; Velosillo González, P.; Marín Rodríguez, C.; Ruíz Martín, Y.; Sanchez-Luna, M.; Ortega, M.A.; et al. Reference Values for Liver Stiffness in Newborns by Gestational Age, Sex, and Weight Using Three Different Elastography Methods. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5418. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155418
Lancharro Zapata Á, Aguado del Hoyo A, Sánchez Gómez de Orgaz MdC, del Pilar Pintado Recarte M, Navarro PG, Velosillo González P, Marín Rodríguez C, Ruíz Martín Y, Sanchez-Luna M, Ortega MA, et al. Reference Values for Liver Stiffness in Newborns by Gestational Age, Sex, and Weight Using Three Different Elastography Methods. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(15):5418. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155418
Chicago/Turabian StyleLancharro Zapata, Ángel, Alejandra Aguado del Hoyo, María del Carmen Sánchez Gómez de Orgaz, Maria del Pilar Pintado Recarte, Pablo González Navarro, Perceval Velosillo González, Carlos Marín Rodríguez, Yolanda Ruíz Martín, Manuel Sanchez-Luna, Miguel A. Ortega, and et al. 2025. "Reference Values for Liver Stiffness in Newborns by Gestational Age, Sex, and Weight Using Three Different Elastography Methods" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 15: 5418. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155418
APA StyleLancharro Zapata, Á., Aguado del Hoyo, A., Sánchez Gómez de Orgaz, M. d. C., del Pilar Pintado Recarte, M., Navarro, P. G., Velosillo González, P., Marín Rodríguez, C., Ruíz Martín, Y., Sanchez-Luna, M., Ortega, M. A., Bravo Arribas, C., & León Luís, J. A. (2025). Reference Values for Liver Stiffness in Newborns by Gestational Age, Sex, and Weight Using Three Different Elastography Methods. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(15), 5418. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155418