Does Cannabis Smoke Cause Interstitial Lung Disease?
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Group 1
Subgroup
2.2. Group 2
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Group 1
Subgroup
3.2. Group 2
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ReDiD | respiratory diseases caused by illicit drugs |
ILD | interstitial lung disease |
CT | computed tomography |
BAL | broncho-alveolar lavage |
THC | delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol |
CBN | cannabinol |
CBD | cannabidiol |
DIP | Desquamative interstitial pneumonia |
References
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Patient N. | Gender | Age (Years) | Type of Smoke/ Substance of Abuse * | Smoke/Abuse Duration (Years) | Cannabis Cigarettes Smoked or Other (per Day) | Last Intake Before BAL | Toxicological Results on BAL * | Chest CT Findings * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | M | 43 | T/C | 20/15 | 20/n.d. | 1 day/5 days | THC, CBN, CBD | a,b |
2 | F | 42 | C (passive smoker) | 7 | 2–3 | 4 months | THC, CBN, CBD | a |
3 | M | 56 | T/C/H | 46/46/46 | 30/3/3 | 5 min/4 years/ 4 years | Negative | c |
4 | M | 44 | T/C | 34/n.d. | 20/1 | 5 min/2 months | Negative | d |
5 | M | 40 | T/C | 20/10 | 20/4 per week | 5 min/2 months | Negative | e |
6 | M | 55 | T/C/H (i.v.) | 41/40/17 | 20/1/n.d. | 5 min/3 days/ 20 years | THC, CBN, CBD | c |
7 | M | 44 | T/C | 26/n.d. | 20/occasional | 5 min/6 months | Negative | a |
8 | M | 45 | T/C/Co | 31/25/n.d. | 20/1/n.d. | 5 min/5 days/n.d. | THC,CBN,CBD | f |
9 | M | 44 | T/C | 19/n.d. | 20/occasional | 5 min/3 months | Negative | c |
10 | M | 18 | T/C | 4/1 | n.d./n.d. | 5 min/20 days | Cocaine, Benzoylecgoine | g |
11 | M | 46 | T/C/Co/H | 32/30/n.d./n.d. | 30/3–4/n.d./n.d. | 5 min/n.d./ 8 months/8 months | Negative | c |
12 | M | 43 | T/C/Co | 20/15/20 | 20/n.d./n.d. | 1 day/5 days/5 days | THC, CBN, CBD | b |
13 | M | 47 | T/C/Co | 20/15/10 | 20/n.d./n.d. | 1 day/20 days/1 day | Cocaine, Benzoylecgoine | a,b |
14 | M | 22 | T/C/Co | 10/15/10 | 20/occasional/occasional | 1 day/5 days/5 days | Cocaine, Benzoylecgoine | i |
15 | M | 46 | T/C/Co/H | 32/16/n.d./n.d. | 30/3–4/n.d./n.d. | 1 day/8 months/ 8 months/8 months | Negative | c |
16 | M | 46 | T/C/Co/H | 32/16/n.d./n.d. | 30/3–4/occasional/ occasional | 1 day/8 months/ 8 months/8 months | Cocaine, Benzoylecgoine | g,h |
17 | M | 33 | T/C | 14/15 | - | - | THC, CBN, CBD | h |
18 | M | 33 | T/C | 15/15 | 20 | - | Negative | tracheal stenosis |
19 | M | 39 | T/C | 14/19 | 20/5 | 1 month | Negative | a |
20 | M | 18 | T/C | 3/2 | 20/2 | - | THC, CBN, CBD | c |
21 | M | 22 | T/C/Co/K | 7/6/6/6 | 20/5 | 3 months | Negative | bronchitis |
22 | F | 40 | T/C/Co | 29/19/1 | 2–3 per week/2–3 | 20 days/2 months | THC, CBN, CBD | c |
23 | M | 20 | T/C | 6/6 | 20/2 | 1 day/1 day | THC, CBN, CBD | e |
24 | M | 49 | T/C/Co/H | 37/36/15/10 | 40/20 | - | THC, CBN, CBD | pleural effusion |
25 | M | 33 | T/C | - | - | - | THC, CBN, CBD | a |
26 | M | 31 | T/C/Co | 17/16/16 | 31/1–2 | 15 days | THC, CBN, CBD | a |
Patient n. | Gender | Age (Years) | Toxicological Results on BAL * | Toxicological Results on Blood * |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | M | 34 | THC, CBN, CBD | Negative |
2 | M | 30 | Negative | Negative |
3 | M | 40 | THC, CBN, CBD | THC, CBN, CBD |
4 | M | 28 | Negative | Negative |
5 | M | 38 | THC, CBN, CBD | THC, CBN, CBD |
6 | M | 39 | Negative | Negative |
7 | M | 31 | Negative | Negative |
8 | M | 37 | THC, CBN, CBD | THC, CBN, CBD |
9 | M | 36 | THC, CBN, CBD | THC, CBN, CBD |
10 | M | 40 | THC, CBN, CBD | Negative |
11 | M | 42 | THC, CBN, CBD | Negative |
12 | M | 22 | Cocaine, Benzoylecgoine | Negative |
13 | M | 30 | Cocaine, Benzoylecgoine | Negative |
Patient N. | Gender | Age (Years) | Type of Smoke/ Substance of Abuse * | Tobacco Cigarettes Smoked (per Day) | Cannabis Cigarettes Smoked (per Day) | Cannabis Smoke/Abuse Duration (Years) | Toxicological Results on Lung Tissue * | Pathological Findings * | Cellularity * | Chest CT Finding * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | M | 24 | T/C | 10 | 1 | 9 | THC, CBN, CBD | a | d | - |
2 | M | 27 | T/C | 20 | 1 per month | n.d. | THC, CBN, CBD | a | c | f |
3 | M | 27 | T/C | 20 | 1 | 11 | THC, CBN, CBD | b | c | f,h |
4 | M | 24 | T/C | 15 | 1 | 9 | THC, CBN, CBD | a,b | c,d | - |
5 | M | 39 | T/C | 10 | 1 per month | 15 | Negative | no fibrosis | - | - |
6 | M | 27 | T/C | 20 | 1 | 13 | THC, CBN, CBD | a | e | - |
7 | M | 27 | T/C | 20 | 1 | 11 | THC, CBN, CBD | a,b | c | f,h |
8 | M | 18 | T/C | 5 | 1 per month | 3 | Negative | a | none | - |
9 | M | 24 | T/C | 15 | 1 | 9 | THC, CBN, CBD | a,b | c,d | - |
10 | M | 27 | T/C | 3–5 | 1 | 10 | THC, CBN, CBD | a,b | c | g |
11 | M | 19 | T/C | 7–9 | 2 | 4 | THC, CBN, CBD | a | e | - |
12 | M | 25 | T/C | 15 | 1 per month | 7 | Negative | - | none | - |
13 | M | 25 | T/C | 10 | 1 | 9 | Negative | a | - | - |
14 | M | 51 | T/C/Co/H | 50 | 1 | 20 | Negative | b | - | - |
15 | M | 19 | T/C | 5 | 1 per month | 3 | THC, CBN, CBD | a | none | - |
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Bisconti, M.; Martucci, P.; Minutillo, A.; Modoni, A.P.; Giacobbe, R.; Rotolo, M.C.; Sollitto, F.; Loizzi, D.; Ardò, N.P.; Trabucco, S.; et al. Does Cannabis Smoke Cause Interstitial Lung Disease? J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 5054. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145054
Bisconti M, Martucci P, Minutillo A, Modoni AP, Giacobbe R, Rotolo MC, Sollitto F, Loizzi D, Ardò NP, Trabucco S, et al. Does Cannabis Smoke Cause Interstitial Lung Disease? Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(14):5054. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145054
Chicago/Turabian StyleBisconti, Mario, Paola Martucci, Adele Minutillo, Alessandra Palma Modoni, Raffaella Giacobbe, Maria Concetta Rotolo, Francesco Sollitto, Domenico Loizzi, Nicoletta Pia Ardò, Senia Trabucco, and et al. 2025. "Does Cannabis Smoke Cause Interstitial Lung Disease?" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 14: 5054. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145054
APA StyleBisconti, M., Martucci, P., Minutillo, A., Modoni, A. P., Giacobbe, R., Rotolo, M. C., Sollitto, F., Loizzi, D., Ardò, N. P., Trabucco, S., Zaccaria, S., Fellini, P., Talamo, S., Marulli, G., & De Palma, A. (2025). Does Cannabis Smoke Cause Interstitial Lung Disease? Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(14), 5054. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145054