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Volume 14
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10.3390/jcm14113669
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Review

Advancements in Machine Learning for Precision Diagnostics and Surgical Interventions in Interconnected Musculoskeletal and Visual Systems

by
Rahul Kumar
1,*,
Chirag Gowda
2,
Tejas C. Sekhar
1,
Swapna Vaja
1,
Tami Hage
3,
Kyle Sporn
4,
Ethan Waisberg
5,
Joshua Ong
6,
Nasif Zaman
7 and
Alireza Tavakkoli
7
1
Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
2
Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
3
Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
4
Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
5
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
6
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
7
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(11), 3669; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113669
Submission received: 13 April 2025 / Revised: 12 May 2025 / Accepted: 20 May 2025 / Published: 23 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping precision medicine by revealing diagnostic links between ocular biomarkers and systemic musculoskeletal disorders. This review synthesizes clinical evidence on the associations between optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived parameters, such as retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning and choroidal thickness, and conditions including osteoporosis, cervical spine instability, and inflammatory arthritis. The findings, based on an analysis of studies that integrate AI with ocular and musculoskeletal imaging, highlight consistent correlations between ocular microstructural changes and systemic degenerative pathologies. These results suggest that the eye may serve as a non-invasive window into biomechanical dysfunction. This review also discusses the emerging role of AI-assisted surgical systems informed by ocular metrics. Overall, AI-driven ocular analysis offers a promising avenue for early detection and management of musculoskeletal disease, supporting its clinical relevance and interdisciplinary potential.
Keywords: artificial intelligence; machine learning; convolutional neural networks; optical coherence tomography; musculoskeletal imaging; ocular biomarkers; choroidal thickness; retinal nerve fiber layer; spine diagnostics; degenerative joint disease artificial intelligence; machine learning; convolutional neural networks; optical coherence tomography; musculoskeletal imaging; ocular biomarkers; choroidal thickness; retinal nerve fiber layer; spine diagnostics; degenerative joint disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kumar, R.; Gowda, C.; Sekhar, T.C.; Vaja, S.; Hage, T.; Sporn, K.; Waisberg, E.; Ong, J.; Zaman, N.; Tavakkoli, A. Advancements in Machine Learning for Precision Diagnostics and Surgical Interventions in Interconnected Musculoskeletal and Visual Systems. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113669

AMA Style

Kumar R, Gowda C, Sekhar TC, Vaja S, Hage T, Sporn K, Waisberg E, Ong J, Zaman N, Tavakkoli A. Advancements in Machine Learning for Precision Diagnostics and Surgical Interventions in Interconnected Musculoskeletal and Visual Systems. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(11):3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113669

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kumar, Rahul, Chirag Gowda, Tejas C. Sekhar, Swapna Vaja, Tami Hage, Kyle Sporn, Ethan Waisberg, Joshua Ong, Nasif Zaman, and Alireza Tavakkoli. 2025. "Advancements in Machine Learning for Precision Diagnostics and Surgical Interventions in Interconnected Musculoskeletal and Visual Systems" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 11: 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113669

APA Style

Kumar, R., Gowda, C., Sekhar, T. C., Vaja, S., Hage, T., Sporn, K., Waisberg, E., Ong, J., Zaman, N., & Tavakkoli, A. (2025). Advancements in Machine Learning for Precision Diagnostics and Surgical Interventions in Interconnected Musculoskeletal and Visual Systems. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(11), 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14113669

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