Cognitive Function in Patients with Psychotic and Affective Disorders: Effects of Combining Pharmacotherapy with Cognitive Remediation
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Assessments
2.3. Cognitive Remediation Training
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Neurocognitive Performance
- SCIP total scores at baseline
- SCIP subscale scores at baseline
- Time interval between the two assessments
- Comparison of the SCIP total values at the two measurement time points
4. Discussion
- Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ICD-10 Code | Diagnosis | n | % |
---|---|---|---|
F20.0 | Paranoid schizophrenia | 30 | 55.6 |
F20.1 | Hebephrenic schizophrenia | 2 | 3.7 |
F20.3 | Undifferentiated schizophrenia | 1 | 1.9 |
F22.0 | Delusional disorder | 1 | 1.9 |
F23.0 | Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder without symptoms of schizophrenia | 1 | 1.9 |
F23.1 | Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder with symptoms of schizophrenia | 4 | 7.4 |
F23.8 | Other acute and transient psychotic disorders | 1 | 1.9 |
F25.0 | Schizoaffective disorder, manic type | 3 | 5.6 |
F25.1 | Schizoaffective disorder, depressive type | 7 | 13.0 |
F25.2 | Schizoaffective disorder, mixed type | 4 | 7.4 |
F2 total | Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders | 54 | 100.0 |
F30.2 | Mania with psychotic symptoms | 3 | 7.7 |
F31.0 | Bipolar affective disorder, current episode hypomanic | 4 | 10.3 |
F31.1 | Bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic without psychotic symptoms | 2 | 5.1 |
F31.2 | Bipolar affective disorder, current episode manic with psychotic symptoms | 12 | 30.8 |
F31.8 | Other bipolar affective disorders (Recurrent manic episodes) | 1 | 2.6 |
Mania subtotal | 22 | 56.4 | |
F31.3 | Bipolar affective disorder, current episode mild or moderate depression | 6 | 15.4 |
F31.4 | Bipolar affective disorder, current episode severe depression without psychotic symptoms | 7 | 17.9 |
F31.5 | Bipolar affective disorder, current episode severe depression with psychotic symptoms | 2 | 5.1 |
Bipolar depressed subtotal | 15 | 38.5 | |
F31.6 | Bipolar affective disorder, current episode mixed | 2 | 5.1 |
F30/31 total | Manic episode/Bipolar affective disorder | 39 | 100.0 |
F32.1 | Moderate depressive episode | 6 | 12.0 |
F32.2 | Severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms | 11 | 22.0 |
F32.3 | Severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms | 5 | 10.0 |
F33.1 | Recurrent depressive disorder, current episode moderate | 6 | 12.0 |
F33.2 | Recurrent depressive disorder, current episode severe without psychotic symptoms | 20 | 40.0 |
F33.3 | Recurrent depressive disorder, current episode severe with psychotic symptoms | 2 | 4.0 |
F32/33 total | Depressive episode/Recurrent depressive disorder | 50 | 100.0 |
Diagnosis | Total n | Female n | Male n | Age Mean (SD) | MWT-B Mean (SD) | Years of Education Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
psychotic disorders | 54 | 30 | 24 | 35.41 (10.93) | 27.11 (5.67) | 14.26 (3.51) |
bipolar disorder | 39 | 25 | 14 | 40.56 (14.56) | 28.85 (4.49) | 14.99 (3.65) |
depression | 50 | 29 | 21 | 38.70 (12.45) | 28.50 (4.99) | 13.94 (3.29) |
Timepoint 1 | Timepoint 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnosis | n | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Range | Mean Value | Standard Deviation | Range | Improvement of Mean Values between Timepoints |
psychotic disorders | 54 | 64.98 | 12.872 | 36–89 | 73.00 | 11.808 | 42–100 | 8.02 |
bipolar disorder | 39 | 71.38 | 10.946 | 52–95 | 80.10 | 11.805 | 58–107 | 8.72 |
depression | 50 | 72.92 | 9.710 | 45–90 | 81.90 | 11.379 | 61–109 | 8.98 |
Diagnosis | Verbal Learning Mean (SD) | Working Memory Mean (SD) | Verbal Fluency Mean (SD) | Verbal Learning—Delayed Mean (SD) | Processing Speed Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
psychotic disorders | 21.35 (4.344) *# | 17.48 (4.437) # | 11.04 (4.273) * | 6.76 (2.363) # | 8.59 (2.716) # |
bipolar disorder | 23.49 (4.019) * | 18.64 (3.166) | 13.23 (4.457) * | 7.41 (2.035) | 8.82 (2.827) |
depression | 23.57 (3.266) # | 19.55 (3.163) # | 12.37 (3.712) | 8.08 (2.029) # | 9.84 (2.946) # |
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Maihofer, E.I.J.; Sachs, G.; Erfurth, A. Cognitive Function in Patients with Psychotic and Affective Disorders: Effects of Combining Pharmacotherapy with Cognitive Remediation. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4843. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164843
Maihofer EIJ, Sachs G, Erfurth A. Cognitive Function in Patients with Psychotic and Affective Disorders: Effects of Combining Pharmacotherapy with Cognitive Remediation. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4843. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164843
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaihofer, Eva I. J., Gabriele Sachs, and Andreas Erfurth. 2024. "Cognitive Function in Patients with Psychotic and Affective Disorders: Effects of Combining Pharmacotherapy with Cognitive Remediation" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4843. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164843
APA StyleMaihofer, E. I. J., Sachs, G., & Erfurth, A. (2024). Cognitive Function in Patients with Psychotic and Affective Disorders: Effects of Combining Pharmacotherapy with Cognitive Remediation. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(16), 4843. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164843