Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, and Quality of Life among 20,139 College Students in 60 Countries around the World—A 2016–2021 Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sleep Disorders and Risk Factors
3.2. The Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL)
3.3. Correlation between Individual Scales
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Entire Study Group N (%) | Before the Pandemic N (%) | During the Pandemic N (%) | Size Effect | p ^ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 15,743 (78.2) | 7887 (77.4) | 7856 (78.9) | 6.69 * | 0.010 |
Male | 4396 (21.8) | 2300 (22.6) | 2096 (21.1) | |||
Age M ± SD | 22.6 ± 3.6 | 22.4 ± 3.0 | 22.7 ± 4.1 | 0.083 # | <0.001 | |
Year of study | I | 5504 (27.3) | 2180 (21.4) | 3324 (33.4) | 458.52 * | <0.001 |
II | 3600 (17.9) | 2106 (20.7) | 1494 (15.0) | |||
III | 3761 (18.7) | 2173 (21.4) | 1588 (16.0) | |||
IV | 3119 (15.5) | 1624 (15.9) | 1495 (15.0) | |||
V | 2885 (14.3) | 1530 (15.0) | 1355 (13.6) | |||
VI | 1270 (6.3) | 574 (5.6) | 696 (7.0) | |||
University profile | Medical | 4518 (22.4) | 2578 (25.3) | 1940 (19.5) | 97.73 * | <0.001 |
Non-medical | 15,621 (77.6) | 7609 (74.7) | 8012 (80.5) | |||
HDI | Very high | 18,206 (90.4) | 9432 (92.6) | 8774 (88.2) | 146.77 * | <0.001 |
High | 785 (3.9) | 364 (3.6) | 421 (4.2) | |||
Medium | 1000 (5.0) | 329 (3.2) | 671 (6.7) | |||
Low | 148 (0.7) | 62 (0.6) | 86 (0.9) | |||
GDP per capita | High | 17,716 (87.9) | 9252 (90.8) | 8464 (85.0) | 175.27 * | <0.001 |
Upper-middle | 1059 (5.3) | 455 (4.5) | 604 (6.1) | |||
Lower-middle | 973 (4.9) | 348 (3.4) | 625 (6.3) | |||
Low | 391 (1.9) | 259 (2.6) | 132 (1.3) | |||
COVID-19 pandemic announcement | Before the pandemic | 10,187 (50.6) | --- | ---- | --- | --- |
During the pandemic | 9952 (49.4) | --- | --- | |||
Place of study | Europe | 17,954 (89.1) | 9372 (92.1) | 8582 (86.2) | 220.82 * | <0.001 |
North America | 147 (0.7) | 65 (0.6) | 82 (0.8) | |||
South America | 173 (0.9) | 65 (0.6) | 108 (1.1) | |||
Asia | 1425 (7.1) | 474 (4.7) | 951 (9.6) | |||
Africa | 390 (1.9) | 167 (1.6) | 223 (2.2) | |||
Australia | 50 (0.3) | 35 (0.3) | 15 (0.2) | |||
Alcohol | Yes | 16,517 (82.0) | 8833 (86.8) | 7684 (77.1) | 317.47 * | <0.001 |
No | 3622 (18.0) | 1345 (13.2) | 2277 (22.9) | |||
Cannabinoids | Yes | 2731 (13.6) | 1449 (14.2) | 1282 (12.9) | 8.01 * | 0.004 |
No | 17,408 (86.4) | 8729 (12.9) | 8679 (87.1) | |||
Psychostimulants | Yes | 729 (3.6) | 432 (4.2) | 297 (3.0) | 23.01 * | <0.001 |
No | 19,410 (96.4) | 9746 (95.8) | 9664 (97.0) | |||
Sedatives | Yes | 2522 (22.6) | 1183 (11.6) | 1339 (13.4) | 15.21 * | <0.001 |
No | 17,617 (87.4) | 8995 (88.4) | 8622 (86.6) |
Variable | AIS | ESS | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%Cl | p | NG | OR | 95%Cl | p | NG | ||
Age M ± SD | 1.06 | [1.05, 1.07] | <0.001 | 0.113 | 1.01 | [1.00, 1.02] | <0.001 | 0.017 | |
During the pandemic | 2.17 | [2.05, 2.31] | <0.001 | 0.78 | [0.74, 0.84] | <0.001 | |||
Sex | F | 1.25 | [1.67, 1.35] | <0.001 | 1.44 | [1.33, 1.56] | <0.001 | ||
Year of study | VI | 0.87 | [0.75, 1.01] | 0.073 | 0.82 | [0.70, 0.95] | 0.007 | ||
V | 0.82 | [0.73, 0.91] | <0.001 | 0.77 | [0.68, 0.87] | <0.001 | |||
IV | 0.88 | [0.73, 0.97] | 0.012 | 0.82 | [0.74, 0.91] | <0.001 | |||
III | 0.97 | [0.89, 1.07] | 0.661 | 0.89 | [0.81, 0.98] | 0.017 | |||
II | 1.14 | [1.04, 1.25] | 0.003 | 0.95 | [0.87, 1.05] | 0.362 | |||
University profile | Medical | 0.90 | [0.84, 0.97] | 0.004 | 1.20 | [1.12, 1.29] | <0.001 | ||
HDI | Very high | 1.41 | [0.74, 2.67] | 0.297 | --- | --- | --- | ||
High | 1.14 | [0.64, 2.06] | 0.647 | --- | --- | --- | |||
Medium | 1.70 | [1.04, 2.76] | 0.033 | --- | --- | --- | |||
GDP per capita | High | 0.41 | [0.24, 0.69] | <0.001 | 0.74 | [0.59, 0.93] | 0.008 | ||
Upper-middle | 0.76 | [0.47, 1.25] | 0.287 | 1.02 | [0.79, 1.32] | 0.875 | |||
Lower-middle | 0.98 | [0.68, 1.42] | 0.928 | 1.06 | [0.82, 1.37] | 0.644 | |||
Alcohol | Yes | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ||
Cannabinoids | Yes | 1.10 | [1.00, 1.20] | 0.034 | --- | --- | --- | ||
Psychostimulants | Yes | 1.51 | [0.63, 1.89] | <0.001 | 1.14 | [1.04, 1.26] | 0.003 | ||
Sedatives | Yes | 2.60 | [2.36, 2.87] | <0.001 | 1.27 | [1.16, 1.39] | <0.001 |
Variable | MANSA | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | β | SE | t | p | NG | ||
During the pandemic | −0.406 | −0.035 | 0.078 | −5.18 | <0.001 | 0.110 | |
University profile | Medical | 1.124 | 0.081 | 0.091 | 12.30 | <0.001 | |
HDI | Very high | 2.001 | 0.058 | 0.656 | 3.04 | 0.002 | |
High | 0.105 | 0.002 | 0.490 | 0.21 | 0.829 | ||
Medium | −1.795 | −0.040 | 0.486 | −3.70 | <0.001 | ||
GDP per capita | High | −0.874 | −0.031 | 0.565 | −1.54 | 0.122 | |
Upper-middle | 0.767 | 0.017 | 0.443 | 1.73 | 0.083 | ||
Lower-middle | −0.091 | −0.002 | 0.453 | −0.20 | 0.840 | ||
Year of study | VI | 0.711 | 0.033 | 0.263 | 2.69 | 0.007 | |
V | 0.386 | 0.021 | 0.182 | 2.12 | 0.033 | ||
IV | 0.126 | 0.007 | 0.176 | 0.72 | 0.474 | ||
III | −0.273 | −0.016 | 0.165 | −1.65 | 0.097 | ||
II | −0.121 | −0.007 | 0.167 | −0.72 | 0.469 | ||
Alcohol | Yes | 0.563 | 0.038 | 0.107 | 5.24 | <0.001 | |
Cannabinoids | Yes | −0.260 | −0.015 | 0.116 | −2.25 | 0.024 | |
Psychostimulants | Yes | −0.629 | −0.021 | 0.210 | −2.298 | 0.002 | |
Sedatives | Yes | −2.357 | −0.137 | 0.114 | −20.54 | <0.001 | |
AIS | Insomnia | −3.142 | −0.271 | 0.079 | −39.41 | <0.001 | |
ESS | Daytime sleepiness | −1.331 | −0.103 | 0.086 | −15.56 | <0.001 |
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Babicki, M.; Piotrowski, P.; Mastalerz-Migas, A. Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, and Quality of Life among 20,139 College Students in 60 Countries around the World—A 2016–2021 Study. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020692
Babicki M, Piotrowski P, Mastalerz-Migas A. Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, and Quality of Life among 20,139 College Students in 60 Countries around the World—A 2016–2021 Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(2):692. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020692
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabicki, Mateusz, Patryk Piotrowski, and Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas. 2023. "Insomnia, Daytime Sleepiness, and Quality of Life among 20,139 College Students in 60 Countries around the World—A 2016–2021 Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 2: 692. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020692