Endocrinological Involvement in Children and Adolescents Affected by COVID-19: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Thyroid
4. Adrenal Glands
5. Hypothalamic–Pituitary Involvement
5.1. Pituitary Gland Involvement of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
5.2. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children with Pre-Existing Hypothalamic–Pituitary Axis Dysfunction
5.3. Growth Hormone (GH) Release and Precocious Puberty during SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic
6. Diabetes
7. Limits in the Scope of the Study
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Endocrine System or Organ | Keywords | Number of Suitable Articles (Total Number) | Type of Article |
---|---|---|---|
Thyroid | “thyroid” OR “hyperthyroidism” OR “hypothyroidism” OR “thyroiditis” AND “coronavirus disease 2019” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “MIS-C” OR “multisystem inflammatory syndrome” AND “children” OR “adolescents” | 12 (33) | 1 cross-sectional study 3 cohort studies 1 case control study 1 retrospective case note review 1 cross-sectional chart review 2 narrative reviews 3 case reports |
Adrenal glands | “adrenal insufficiency” OR “hypercortisolism” AND “coronavirus disease 2019” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “MIS-C” OR “multisystem inflammatory syndrome” AND “children” OR “adolescents” | 10 (10) | 2 narrative reviews 2 single-center or multicenter cohort studies 1 cross-sectional study 1 clinical practice guideline 4 case reports |
Hypothalamus-pituitary system | “hypothalamus” OR “pituitary” OR “Hypopituitarism” OR “hypophysitis” OR “growth hormone” OR “central precocious puberty” AND “coronavirus disease 2019” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “MIS-C” OR “multisystem inflammatory syndrome” AND “children” OR “adolescents” | 34 (96) | 4 cross-sectional studies 1 case control study 17 retrospective studies 9 reviews 3 case reports |
Gonads | “puberty” OR “central precocious puberty” AND “coronavirus disease 2019” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “MIS-C” OR “multisystem inflammatory syndrome” AND “children” OR “adolescents” | 32 (32) | 5 narrative reviews 1 cohort study 6 cross-sectional studies 20 case-control studies |
Pancreas | “type 1 diabetes” OR “juvenile onset diabetes” OR “insulin-dependent diabetes” OR “T1D” AND “coronavirus disease 2019” OR “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “MIS-C” OR “multisystem inflammatory syndrome” AND “children” OR “adolescents” | 102 (253) | 2 meta-analyses 6 narrative reviews 72 cohort studies 9 cross-sectional studies 2 case-control studies 11 case reports or case series |
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Calcaterra, V.; Tagi, V.M.; De Santis, R.; Biuso, A.; Taranto, S.; D’Auria, E.; Zuccotti, G. Endocrinological Involvement in Children and Adolescents Affected by COVID-19: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 5248. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165248
Calcaterra V, Tagi VM, De Santis R, Biuso A, Taranto S, D’Auria E, Zuccotti G. Endocrinological Involvement in Children and Adolescents Affected by COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(16):5248. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165248
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalcaterra, Valeria, Veronica Maria Tagi, Raffaella De Santis, Andrea Biuso, Silvia Taranto, Enza D’Auria, and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti. 2023. "Endocrinological Involvement in Children and Adolescents Affected by COVID-19: A Narrative Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 16: 5248. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165248
APA StyleCalcaterra, V., Tagi, V. M., De Santis, R., Biuso, A., Taranto, S., D’Auria, E., & Zuccotti, G. (2023). Endocrinological Involvement in Children and Adolescents Affected by COVID-19: A Narrative Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(16), 5248. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12165248