Association between Menopause, Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Variables
2.3. Premenopausal, Postmenopausal, Type of Menopause, and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Assessments
2.4. Definition and Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Associations between Menopause, Metabolic Syndrome, and Its Components
3.3. Associations between the Types of Menopause and Metabolic Syndrome
3.4. Association between Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Metabolic Syndrome in the Postmenopausal Women
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Premenopausal | Postmenopausal | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of participants | 5976 | 11,484 | - |
Age, year | 44 ± 6 | 61 ± 6 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 80 ± 10 | 83 ± 10 | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 3.9 | 23.9 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 113 ± 16 | 126 ± 20 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 70 ± 11 | 73 ± 11 | <0.001 |
Smoke, ever, n (%) | 675 (11) | 609 (5) | <0.001 |
Alcohol status, ever, n (%) | 224 (4) | 325 (3) | 0.001 |
Habitual coffee consumption, n (%) | 2830 (47) | 4419 (39) | <0.001 |
Physical activity, yes, n (%) | 1672 (28) | 6664 (58) | 0.394 |
Married, yes, n (%) | 5100 (85) | 10,976 (96) | <0.001 |
Educational status ≥ college, n (%) | 3813 (64) | 3628 (32) | <0.001 |
Gravidity, yes, n (%) | 5006 (84) | 10,834 (94) | <0.001 |
Parity, yes, n (%) | 4824 (81) | 10,680 (93) | <0.001 |
Abortion, yes, n (%) | 2977 (50) | 7150 (62) | <0.001 |
Breastfeeding, n (%) | 3473 (63) | 7150 (62) | 0.633 |
Hormone therapy use, n (%) | 472 (8) | 2304 (20) | <0.001 |
Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 91 ± 17 | 98 ± 21 | <0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL | 95 ± 103 | 118 ± 74 | <0.001 |
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL | 58 ± 13 | 58 ± 13 | 0.131 |
Menopause etiology | |||
Natural | 9441 (82) | ||
Surgical | 1967 (17) | ||
Without information | 76 (1) | ||
History of chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 13 (0) | 258 (2) | <0.001 |
Premenopausal (n = 5976) | Postmenopausal (n = 11,484) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Presence of metabolic syndrome, n (%) | 841 (14) | 3471 (30) | |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.17 (1.03 to 1.33) | 0.019 |
Multivariable OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.17 (1.02 to 1.33) | 0.022 |
Presence of hypertension, n (%) | 1048 (18) | 5425 (47) | |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.97 (0.86 to 1.09) | 0.562 |
Multivariable OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08) | 0.490 |
Presence of impaired glucose tolerance, n (%) | 570 (10) | 2991 (26) | |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.33 (1.15 to 1.53) | <0.001 |
Multivariable OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.30 (1.12 to 1.50) | <0.001 |
Presence of increased waist circumference, n (%) | 2812 (47) | 6908 (60) | |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.03 (0.93 to 1.15) | 0.562 |
Multivariable OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.04 (0.94 to 1.16) | 0.438 |
Presence of hypertriglyceridemia, n (%) | 696 (12) | 2554 (22) | |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.83 (1.59 to 2.11) | <0.001 |
Multivariable OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.84 (1.60 to 2.12) | <0.001 |
Presence of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, n (%) | 1607 (27) | 3281 (29) | |
Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.15) | 0.669 |
Multivariable OR (95% CI) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.17) | 0.558 |
Type of Menopause | Presence of Metabolic Syndrome, n (%) | Age-Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Multivariable OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Premenopause | 841 (14) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
Natural menopause | 2812 (30) | 1.11 (0.97 to 1.26) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.23) |
Surgical menopause | 642 (33) | 1.38 (1.19 to 1.60) | 1.40 (1.20 to 1.63) |
Postmenopausal Hormone Use | Age-Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p Value | Multivariable OR (95% CI) | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women with natural menopause | ||||
Non-users | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Users | 0.78 (0.69 to 0.087) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.70 to 0.89) | <0.001 |
Women with surgical menopause | ||||
Non-users | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
Users | 0.83 (0.67 to 1.02) | 0.079 | 0.84 (0.68 to 1.05) | 0.124 |
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Ou, Y.-J.; Lee, J.-I.; Huang, S.-P.; Chen, S.-C.; Geng, J.-H.; Su, C.-H. Association between Menopause, Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Metabolic Syndrome. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4435. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134435
Ou Y-J, Lee J-I, Huang S-P, Chen S-C, Geng J-H, Su C-H. Association between Menopause, Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Metabolic Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(13):4435. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134435
Chicago/Turabian StyleOu, Ying-Ju, Jia-In Lee, Shu-Pin Huang, Szu-Chia Chen, Jiun-Hung Geng, and Chia-Hung Su. 2023. "Association between Menopause, Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Metabolic Syndrome" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 13: 4435. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134435