Serum Lipid Levels and Suicidal Ideation of Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Measurement of Lipid Levels
2.3. Assessment of Suicidal Ideation
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Relationship between Lipid Levels and Suicidality in Men and Women
3.3. Relationship between Household Income, Education Levels, and Suicidality
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 5721 | n = 8051 | ||||||
Suicidal Ideation | p-Value | Suicidal Ideation | p-Value | ||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | ||||
n = 5453 | n = 268 | n = 7445 | n = 606 | ||||
Mean ± SD | 45.43 ± 0.3 | 46.79 ± 1.32 | 0.305 | 46.86 ± 0.27 | 52.22 ± 0.93 | <0.001 | |
Age | 19–39 | 1585 (39.23) | 62 (37.9) | 0.007 | 2160 (35.79) | 118 (27.38) | <0.001 |
40–74 | 3381 (56.04) | 156 (52.43) | 4676 (58.47) | 392 (60.85) | |||
≥75 | 487 (4.72) | 50 (9.68) | 609 (5.74) | 96 (11.78) | |||
BMI | Normal (<23) | 1826 (33.48) | 114 (37.91) | 0.211 | 3724 (53.4) | 275 (49.07) | 0.103 |
Overweight (23–25) | 1427 (25.55) | 55 (20.2) | 1557 (19.58) | 126 (19.42) | |||
Obese (≥25) | 2200 (40.97) | 99 (41.89) | 2164 (27.02) | 205 (31.51) | |||
Household Income | 1 Quartile | 840 (11.49) | 113 (34.19) | <0.001 | 1312 (14.57) | 253 (35.95) | <0.001 |
2 Quartile | 1334 (23.27) | 59 (21.37) | 1847 (24.48) | 155 (25.42) | |||
3 Quartile | 1597 (31.26) | 55 (24.53) | 2082 (29.35) | 126 (22.92) | |||
4 Quartile | 1682 (33.99) | 41 (19.91) | 2204 (31.6) | 72 (15.72) | |||
Education | ≤Elementary school | 788 (8.94) | 77 (18.37) | <0.001 | 1705 (16.95) | 289 (38.87) | <0.001 |
level | Middle school | 580 (7.93) | 34 (9.14) | 741 (8.97) | 75 (11.74) | ||
High school | 1882 (37.96) | 90 (41.6) | 2401 (35.91) | 132 (27.55) | |||
≥University | 2203 (45.18) | 67 (30.88) | 2598 (38.17) | 110 (21.84) | |||
Depression | No | 5353 (98.23) | 234 (87.28) | <0.001 | 7059 (94.82) | 459 (75.52) | <0.001 |
100 (1.77) | 34 (12.72) | 386 (5.18) | 147 (24.48) | ||||
Smoking | Nonsmoker/ex-smoker | 3582 (62.69) | 165 (57.02) | 0.112 | 7122 (94.92) | 530 (85.19) | <0.001 |
Current smoker | 1871 (37.31) | 103 (42.98) | 323 (5.08) | 76 (14.81) | |||
Heavy drinking | yes | 995 (19.63) | 60 (25.2) | 0.082 | 371 (5.71) | 44 (9.25) | 0.009 |
Regular exercise (≥1 time/week) | yes | 1785 (34.03) | 64 (28.36) | 0.128 | 1248 (17.68) | 75 (12.34) | 0.003 |
Dyslipidemia medication | yes | 541 (7.77) | 26 (7.37) | 0.819 | 918 (9.96) | 130 (17.2) | <0.001 |
Chronic disease | (One or more) | 1261 (17.05) | 99 (25.97) | <0.001 | 2106 (23.98) | 302 (43.18) | <0.001 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | <100 | 1884 (33.92) | 113 (44.92) | 0.004 | 2456 (33.45) | 209 (35.8) | 0.400 |
100–129 | 1897 (35.05) | 90 (33.81) | 2761 (38.09) | 218 (38.25) | |||
130–159 | 1260 (23.23) | 44 (13.87) | 1570 (20.25) | 119 (16.87) | |||
160–189 | 350 (6.66) | 17 (6.17) | 542 (6.64) | 46 (7.04) | |||
≥190 | 62 (1.14) | 4 (1.23) | 116 (1.57) | 14 (2.04) | |||
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | <200 | 3420 (61.89) | 176 (69.34) | 0.066 | 4548 (62.27) | 370 (64.98) | 0.288 |
200–239 | 1576 (29.39) | 66 (22.66) | 2176 (28.54) | 172 (25.16) | |||
≥240 | 457 (8.73) | 26 (8) | 721 (9.19) | 64 (9.86) | |||
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | <40 | 1408 (24.36) | 77 (27.37) | 0.471 | 788 (9.41) | 89 (13.42) | 0.006 |
40–59 | 3351 (62.93) | 161 (62.29) | 4389 (57.83) | 366 (59.76) | |||
≥60 | 694 (12.7) | 30 (10.34) | 2268 (32.75) | 151 (26.82) | |||
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | <150 | 3335 (60.67) | 144 (52.07) | 0.067 | 5866 (80.59) | 425 (71.74) | <0.001 |
150–199 | 919 (16.82) | 52 (19.15) | 842 (10.17) | 87 (13.64) | |||
≥200 | 1199 (22.51) | 72 (28.77) | 737 (9.24) | 94 (14.62) |
Men | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
LDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | <100 | 2.218 (1.457, 3.375) | <0.001 | 2.109 (1.378, 3.229) | 0.001 | 1.905 (1.255, 2.891) | 0.003 | 1.979 (1.300, 3.014) | 0.002 |
100–129 | 1.615 (1.021, 2.557) | 0.041 | 1.593 (1, 2.538) | 0.05 | 1.504 (0.947, 2.388) | 0.084 | 1.568 (0.987, 2.491) | 0.057 | |
130–159 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
160–189 | 1.552 (0.808, 2.981) | 0.187 | 1.509 (0.785, 2.900) | 0.217 | 1.454 (0.755, 2.803) | 0.263 | 1.412 (0.714, 2.793) | 0.320 | |
≥190 | 1.818 (0.600, 5.507) | 0.290 | 1.806 (0.591, 5.519) | 0.299 | 1.777 (0.561, 5.627) | 0.327 | 1.876 (0.597, 5.898) | 0.281 | |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | <200 | 1.453 (1.042, 2.027) | 0.028 | 1.464 (1.048, 2.046) | 0.026 | 1.379 (0.986, 1.930) | 0.06 | 1.401 (1.000, 1.962) | 0.05 |
200–239 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
≥240 | 1.189 (0.722, 1.956) | 0.496 | 1.170 (0.704, 1.944) | 0.544 | 1.199 (0.713, 2.016) | 0.493 | 1.112 (0.646, 1.913) | 0.701 | |
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | <40 | 1.380 (0.832, 2.290) | 0.212 | 1.470 (0.844, 2.56) | 0.173 | 1.320 (0.747, 2.332) | 0.339 | 1.293 (0.741, 2.256) | 0.365 |
40–59 | 1.216 (0.758, 1.952) | 0.417 | 1.276 (0.769, 2.115) | 0.345 | 1.211 (0.721, 2.034) | 0.469 | 1.215 (0.734, 2.009) | 0.448 | |
≥60 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | <150 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
150–199 | 1.327 (0.898, 1.962) | 0.156 | 1.325 (0.883, 1.988) | 0.174 | 1.316 (0.872, 1.984) | 0.191 | 1.336 (0.886, 2.016) | 0.166 | |
≥200 | 1.489 (1.016, 2.181) | 0.041 | 1.486 (1.003, 2.201) | 0.048 | 1.503 (1.007, 2.244) | 0.046 | 1.454 (0.976, 2.165) | 0.066 |
Women | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||||
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
LDL cholesterol | <100 | 1.284 (0.982, 1.679) | 0.068 | 1.315 (0.998, 1.734) | 0.052 | 1.296 (0.981, 1.712) | 0.068 | 1.24 (0.919, 1.673) | 0.158 |
100–129 | 1.205 (0.921, 1.575) | 0.173 | 1.26 (0.963, 1.647) | 0.091 | 1.313 (1.001, 1.722) | 0.049 | 1.326 (1, 1.759) | 0.050 | |
130–159 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
160–189 | 1.272 (0.842, 1.922) | 0.252 | 1.187 (0.775, 1.818) | 0.431 | 1.158 (0.759, 1.766) | 0.495 | 1.142 (0.738, 1.768) | 0.549 | |
≥190 | 1.564 (0.808, 3.026) | 0.184 | 1.446 (0.758, 2.76) | 0.263 | 1.357 (0.728, 2.53) | 0.336 | 1.484 (0.78, 2.825) | 0.228 | |
Total cholesterol | <200 | 1.184 (0.949, 1.476) | 0.134 | 1.256 (1.001, 1.577) | 0.049 | 1.26 (0.997, 1.593) | 0.053 | 1.259 (0.983, 1.613) | 0.068 |
200–239 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
≥240 | 1.217 (0.856, 1.731) | 0.273 | 1.172 (0.821, 1.674) | 0.381 | 1.138 (0.793, 1.632) | 0.482 | 1.157 (0.796, 1.683) | 0.445 | |
HDL cholesterol | <40 | 1.741 (1.229, 2.464) | 0.002 | 1.413 (0.996, 2.004) | 0.053 | 1.202 (0.841, 1.719) | 0.312 | 1.108 (0.77, 1.596) | 0.579 |
40–59 | 1.262 (0.996, 1.599) | 0.054 | 1.198 (0.942, 1.523) | 0.140 | 1.117 (0.872, 1.431) | 0.379 | 1.103 (0.857, 1.419) | 0.447 | |
≥60 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Triglyceride | <150 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
150–199 | 1.507 (1.116, 2.035) | 0.008 | 1.321 (0.972, 1.796) | 0.075 | 1.216 (0.895, 1.652) | 0.211 | 1.15 (0.843, 1.567) | 0.377 | |
≥200 | 1.777 (1.355, 2.33) | <0.001 | 1.499 (1.129, 1.991) | 0.005 | 1.337 (0.998, 1.791) | 0.051 | 1.307 (0.97, 1.762) | 0.078 |
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Cho, H.; Shin, J.; Choi, J.K. Serum Lipid Levels and Suicidal Ideation of Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134285
Cho H, Shin J, Choi JK. Serum Lipid Levels and Suicidal Ideation of Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(13):4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134285
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Hana, Jinyoung Shin, and Jae Kyung Choi. 2023. "Serum Lipid Levels and Suicidal Ideation of Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 13: 4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134285
APA StyleCho, H., Shin, J., & Choi, J. K. (2023). Serum Lipid Levels and Suicidal Ideation of Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(13), 4285. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12134285