Comparative Analysis of Neonatal Effects in Pregnant Women with Cardiovascular Risk versus Low-Risk Pregnant Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
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- Women who have given birth in the second or third trimester of pregnancy;
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- Pregnant women over the age of 18;
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- Women who have received prenatal care and had regular check-ups throughout their pregnancy;
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- Women who have given their informed consent to be included in this study;
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- Having no record of a positive COVID-19 diagnosis within the past year.
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- Women with a previous history of substance abuse or alcohol dependency;
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- Women with a prior history of psychiatric disorders or mental health conditions;
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- Women with a previous medical history of thromboembolic disease or disorders affecting blood clotting;
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- Women who have been involved in alternative clinical trials or studies in the preceding 3 months;
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- Women who have experienced negative responses to blood collection or phlebotomy procedures in the past;
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- Women who are incapable or uninterested in providing informed consent to take part in this study;
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- Patients who have been diagnosed with infectious conditions, such as hepatitis B or C virus (HBV, HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as well as those who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS);
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- Patients with inadequately managed metabolic disorders;
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- Patients with inadequately managed endocrine disorders.
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- Smoking history exceeding 5 years;
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- Presence of cardiovascular disease in the family;
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- Limited engagement in physical activity or leading a predominantly sedentary lifestyle;
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- Dietary pattern characterized by excessive consumption of saturated and trans fats, sodium, and added sugars, contributing to an overall unhealthy nutritional profile;
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- Sleep apnea/other sleep disorders;
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- Preexisting hypertension in pregnancy;
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- Pregnancy-induced hypertension;
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- Preeclampsia;
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- Eclampsia;
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- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol over 190 mg/dL;
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- Total cholesterol over 280 mg/dL;
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- Triglycerides over 200 mg/dL.
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Term/Condition | Definition |
---|---|
Preexisting Hypertension In Pregnancy/Chronic Hypertension | Blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg before pregnancy or before the 20th week of gestation [16]. |
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension | It is classified as having gestational hypertension when a woman, who previously had normal blood pressure, experiences a systolic blood pressure equal to or higher than 140 mmHg, a diastolic blood pressure equal to or higher than 90 mmHg, or both on two separate occasions at least 4 hours apart after reaching the 20th week of pregnancy [17]. |
Preeclampsia | A pregnancy complication characterized by the onset of high blood pressure, typically occurring after 20 weeks of gestation and commonly near the end of pregnancy. This condition may or may not be accompanied by the appearance of protein in the urine [18]. |
Eclampsia | Seizures or convulsions in a woman who previously had pregnancy-induced hypertension, such as gestational hypertension or preeclampsia [19]. |
Obstructive Sleep Apnea | OSA (Obstructive Sleep Apnea) is distinguished by recurrent episodes of upper airway collapse during sleep, which are accompanied by repetitive declines in oxygen levels, frequent awakenings, and fragmented sleep patterns. Affected individuals may exhibit typical symptoms, such as snoring, inadequate sleep quality, awakenings marked by choking sensations, diminished neurocognitive performance, and in severe cases, the potential for motor vehicle accidents resulting from brief lapses of consciousness referred to as “micro-sleeps” while driving [20]. |
Maternal Cardiovascular Risk | Group 2 (n = 40) |
---|---|
| 56.6% |
| 41% |
| 3.34% |
| 10% |
| 26.8% |
| 11% |
| 6.66% |
| 72% |
| 63.3% |
| 83.4% |
Group 1 (n = 48) | Group 2 (n = 40) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age between 18–29 years old | 47.36% | 43.3% | 0.8998 |
Age between 30–40 years old | 52.63% | 56.6% | 0.9831 |
Apgar Scores | Gestational Weeks | Baby Birth Weight | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 (n = 48) | Group 2 (n = 40) | Group 1 (n = 48) | Group 2 (n = 40) | Group 1 (n = 48) | Group 2 (n = 40) | |
Minimum | 7 | 7 | 35 | 28 | 2490 | 1300 |
25% Percentile | 9 | 8 | 38 | 37.25 | 2960 | 2858 |
Median | 9 | 9 | 38 | 38 | 3370 | 3195 |
75% Percentile | 9 | 9 | 39 | 39 | 3650 | 3490 |
Maximum | 10 | 9 | 41 | 41 | 4400 | 4400 |
Mean | 8.938 | 8.550 | 38.38 | 37.75 | 3363 | 3118 |
Std. Deviation | 0.5981 | 0.6775 | 1.024 | 2.239 | 456.5 | 629.8 |
p-value t-test | 0.0055 | 0.0471 | 0.0392 |
Women without Cardiovascular Risk/Cardiovascular Disease | Women with Cardiovascular Risk/Cardiovascular Disease | |
---|---|---|
Preterm Birth | 10% | 25% |
Term Birth | 90% | 75% |
Normal Weight Infants | 96% | 85% |
Infants With Iugr | 4% | 15% |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Abu-Awwad, S.-A.; Craina, M.; Gluhovschi, A.; Boscu, L.; Bernad, E.; Iurciuc, M.; Abu-Awwad, A.; Iurciuc, S.; Tudoran, C.; Bernad, R.; et al. Comparative Analysis of Neonatal Effects in Pregnant Women with Cardiovascular Risk versus Low-Risk Pregnant Women. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4082. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124082
Abu-Awwad S-A, Craina M, Gluhovschi A, Boscu L, Bernad E, Iurciuc M, Abu-Awwad A, Iurciuc S, Tudoran C, Bernad R, et al. Comparative Analysis of Neonatal Effects in Pregnant Women with Cardiovascular Risk versus Low-Risk Pregnant Women. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(12):4082. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124082
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbu-Awwad, Simona-Alina, Marius Craina, Adrian Gluhovschi, Lioara Boscu, Elena Bernad, Mircea Iurciuc, Ahmed Abu-Awwad, Stela Iurciuc, Cristina Tudoran, Robert Bernad, and et al. 2023. "Comparative Analysis of Neonatal Effects in Pregnant Women with Cardiovascular Risk versus Low-Risk Pregnant Women" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 12: 4082. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124082
APA StyleAbu-Awwad, S.-A., Craina, M., Gluhovschi, A., Boscu, L., Bernad, E., Iurciuc, M., Abu-Awwad, A., Iurciuc, S., Tudoran, C., Bernad, R., & Maghiari, A. L. (2023). Comparative Analysis of Neonatal Effects in Pregnant Women with Cardiovascular Risk versus Low-Risk Pregnant Women. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(12), 4082. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124082