Attitudes and Values of US Adults Not Yet Up-to-Date on COVID-19 Vaccines in September 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Platform
2.2. Survey Content
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population and Survey Weighting
3.2. Vaccination Status
3.2.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated with Vaccination Status
3.2.2. Vaccine Attitudes Associated with Vaccination Status
3.2.3. Trust in the CDC Associated with Vaccination Status
3.2.4. Confidence in COVID-19 Information Sources Associated with Vaccination Status
3.3. Characterizing Those Not Up-to-Date on COVID-19 Vaccines
3.3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics among Those Not Up-to-Date
3.3.2. Sociodemographic Characteristics Associated with Vaccine Intentions among Those Not Up-to-Date
3.3.3. Vaccine Attitudes Associated with Vaccine Intentions among Those Not Up-to-Date
3.3.4. Information Sources Associated with Vaccine Intentions among Those Not Up-to-Date
3.3.5. Reasons to Vaccinate among Those Uncertain about Getting Up-to-Date
3.3.6. Specific Vaccine Concerns among Those Uncertain about Getting Up-to-Date
3.3.7. Other Reasons Not to Vaccinate among Those Uncertain about Getting Up-to-Date
3.3.8. Information Sources among Those Uncertain about Getting Up-to-Date
3.4. Differences by Race and Ethnicity
3.4.1. Vaccination Status
3.4.2. Reasons to Vaccinate
3.4.3. Specific Vaccine Concerns and Other Reasons Not to Vaccinate
3.4.4. Information Sources
3.5. Changes over Time
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | Unweighted N (%) | Weighted % a | Sociodemographic Characteristics | Unweighted N (%) | Weighted % a |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 2561 (100) | Household Annual Income | |||
Gender | <$50 k | 847 (33.1) | 29.9 | ||
Female | 1274 (49.7) | 51.4 | $50–75 k | 452 (17.6) | 16.4 |
Male | 1287 (50.3) | 48.6 | $75–100 k | 346 (13.5) | 13.1 |
Age (years) | $100–150 k | 413 (16.1) | 17.8 | ||
18–29 | 308 (12) | 19.9 | $150 k+ | 503 (19.6) | 22.8 |
30–44 | 679 (26.5) | 25.7 | Political Affiliation | ||
45–59 | 669 (26.1) | 23.9 | Republican | 517 (20.2) | 25.3 |
≥60 | 905 (35.3) | 30.5 | Democrat | 998 (39.1) | 32.8 |
Education | Independent/other | 1039 (40.7) | 41.9 | ||
<High School | 223 (8.7) | 9.6 | Metropolitan Statistical Area Status | ||
High School | 589 (23) | 28.1 | Non-metro | 276 (10.8) | 13.4 |
Some College | 757 (29.6) | 27.1 | Metro | 2285 (89.2) | 86.6 |
Bachelor’s or Higher | 576 (22.5) | 19.6 | Parent Status | ||
Master’s or Higher | 416 (16.2) | 15.5 | No children < 18 | 1794 (70.1) | 71.4 |
Race/Ethnicity | At least one child < 18 | 767 (29.9) | 28.6 | ||
White, non-Hispanic | 997 (38.9) | 62.8 | Influenza Vaccination b | ||
Black, non-Hispanic | 609 (23.8) | 12.0 | Not vaccinated | 1144 (45.2) | 46.1 |
Hispanic | 838 (32.7) | 16.9 | Vaccinated | 1386 (54.8) | 53.9 |
Other, non-Hispanic | 117 (4.6) | 8.3 | COVID-19 Vaccination | ||
Region | Not vaccinated | 329 (13.3) | 15.5 | ||
Northeast | 415 (16.2) | 17.3 | Vaccinated (>1 dose) | 2140 (86.7) | 84.5 |
Midwest | 455 (17.8) | 20.7 | COVID-19 Disease | ||
South | 1036 (40.5) | 38.2 | Never had | 1432 (56.7) | 55.9 |
West | 655 (25.6) | 23.8 | Ever had | 1093 (43.3) | 44.1 |
Survey Items | Total (%) a | COVID Vaccines, % b | Odds Ratio (95%CI) c | p-Value d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not Up-to-Date | Up-to-Date | ||||
All | 100 | 37 | 63 | ||
Constructs e | |||||
Trust in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 68 | 44 | 84 | 6.56 (5.18–8.32) | <0.01 |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||||
Gender | 0.78 | ||||
Female | 51 | 52 | 51 | ref k | |
Male | 49 | 48 | 49 | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | |
Age (years) | <0.01 | ||||
18–29 | 20 | 28 | 15 | ref k | |
30–44 | 26 | 30 | 23 | 1.40 (1.01–1.93) | |
45–59 | 24 | 22 | 26 | 2.16 (1.54–3.02) | |
60+ | 31 | 20 | 37 | 3.35 (2.41–4.66) | |
Education (attained) | <0.01 | ||||
<High school | 10 | 13 | 7 | ref k | |
High school | 28 | 34 | 23 | 1.23 (0.83–1.81) | |
Some college | 27 | 29 | 26 | 1.60 (1.10–2.35) | |
Bachelor’s or higher | 20 | 16 | 22 | 2.46 (1.65–3.68) | |
Master’s or higher | 16 | 7 | 21 | 5.02 (3.20–7.88) | |
Race/Ethnicity | 0.02 | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 63 | 66 | 61 | ref k | |
Black, non-Hispanic | 12 | 12 | 12 | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | |
Hispanic | 17 | 17 | 17 | 1.11 (0.88–1.39) | |
Other, non-Hispanic | 8 | 6 | 10 | 1.89 (1.14–3.13) | |
Region | <0.01 | ||||
Northeast | 17 | 14 | 19 | ref k | |
Midwest | 21 | 23 | 19 | 0.60 (0.43–0.85) | |
South | 38 | 45 | 34 | 0.55 (0.41–0.74) | |
West | 24 | 18 | 27 | 1.07 (0.77–1.51) | |
Household income | <0.01 | ||||
<$50 k | 30 | 35 | 25 | ref k | |
$50–75 k | 16 | 18 | 16 | 1.23 (0.91–1.67) | |
$75–100 k | 13 | 14 | 13 | 1.39 (1.00–1.93) | |
$100–150 k | 18 | 18 | 18 | 1.44 (1.05–1.97) | |
$150 k+ | 23 | 16 | 28 | 2.47 (1.82–3.36) | |
Political affiliation | <0.01 | ||||
Republican | 25 | 39 | 17 | ref k | |
Democrat | 33 | 18 | 43 | 5.27 (3.97–6.99) | |
Independent/other | 42 | 43 | 40 | 2.07 (1.59–2.69) | |
Metropolitan Statistical Area status (metro vs. non-metro) | 87 | 81 | 90 | 2.09 (1.54–2.85) | <0.01 |
Parent status (at least one child < 18 vs. no children < 18) | 29 | 36 | 24 | 0.57 (0.46–0.72) | <0.01 |
Affirmative Responses To Survey Items f | |||||
Vaccination and Disease Status | |||||
Vaccinated against flu within the past year | 54 | 26 | 72 | 6.99 (5.53–8.83) | <0.01 |
Ever knowingly had COVID disease | 44 | 53 | 39 | 0.57 (0.47–0.71) | <0.01 |
Confidence in sources for information about COVID-19 | |||||
My doctor | 86 | 73 | 96 | 9.05 (6.23–13.16) | <0.01 |
My local or state health department | 74 | 50 | 90 | 8.99 (6.91–11.69) | <0.01 |
Scientists and doctors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 70 | 43 | 87 | 9.05 (7.04–11.64) | <0.01 |
The Surgeon General | 68 | 42 | 86 | 8.29 (6.48–10.60) | <0.01 |
Scientists and doctors from universities | 73 | 49 | 89 | 8.65 (6.65–11.26) | <0.01 |
Dr. Anthony Fauci from the National Institutes of Health | 62 | 33 | 80 | 8.33 (6.58–10.55) | <0.01 |
Dr. Rochelle Walensky, CDC Director | 63 | 35 | 81 | 8.02 (6.33–10.15) | <0.01 |
Dr. David Satcher, Morehouse School of Medicine, Former CDC Director and Surgeon General | 62 | 35 | 80 | 7.39 (5.85–9.34) | <0.01 |
My religious leader | 31 | 26 | 33 | 1.45 (1.15–1.82) | <0.01 |
Other non-medical people in my community that I trust (specify) | 31 | 25 | 34 | 1.59 (1.23–2.06) | <0.01 |
What I see on the news | 37 | 16 | 50 | 5.17 (4.04–6.61) | <0.01 |
What I see on social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) | 13 | 9 | 15 | 1.78 (1.28–2.46) | <0.01 |
Agreement With Other COVID-19 Likert Scale Items (For Adults) | |||||
I am worried I may accidentally spread COVID-19 to my family members in the next six months | 30 | 19 | 37 | 2.56 (2.02–3.25) | <0.01 |
I am worried I may accidentally spread COVID-19 to my friends, neighbors, or co-workers in the next six months | 27 | 17 | 33 | 2.37 (1.85–3.03) | <0.01 |
If I get COVID-19, I think it will be severe | 14 | 13 | 14 | 1.18 (0.86–1.61) | 0.30 |
COVID-19 vaccines are important to stopping the spread of infection in the US | 72 | 44 | 91 | 12.73 (9.67–16.75) | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines are important to helping the US get back to a normal life | 71 | 40 | 91 | 15.60 (11.84–20.55) | <0.01 |
Most or all of my family members have gotten vaccinated against COVID-19 | 65 | 40 | 82 | 6.63 (5.25–8.36) | <0.01 |
Most or all of my friends have gotten vaccinated against COVID-19 | 58 | 33 | 75 | 6.14 (4.90–7.69) | <0.01 |
I feel knowledgeable about the COVID-19 vaccine | 76 | 31 | 89 | 1.98 (1.56–2.52) | <0.01 |
I would like more information on COVID-19 vaccines | 30 | 24 | 81 | 1.62 (1.29–2.05) | <0.01 |
Agreement With Other COVID-19 Likert Scale Items (for Children) | |||||
COVID-19 can be a serious disease for some children | 83 | 71 | 92 | 4.72 (3.54–6.28) | <0.01 |
I am concerned about the safety of COVID-19 vaccine in children | 61 | 78 | 50 | 0.27 (0.21–0.34) | <0.01 |
Vaccinating children against COVID-19 is important to end the pandemic and get back to normal | 65 | 33 | 84 | 11.01 (8.61–14.09) | <0.01 |
It is better for children to develop immunity to COVID-19 by getting sick rather than by getting a shot | 37 | 65 | 19 | 0.13 (0.10–0.17) | <0.01 |
COVID-19 in children is no worse than a cold or the flu | 42 | 64 | 28 | 0.22 (0.18–0.28) | <0.01 |
I would support a requirement for children to be vaccinated against COVID-19 to attend school | 56 | 27 | 74 | 7.86 (6.21–9.95) | <0.01 |
My child(ren)’s doctor recommended that my child(ren) be vaccinated against COVID-19 once authorized by the FDA g | 67 | 46 | 88 | 8.91 (5.61–14.14) | <0.01 |
If not: I would feel more comfortable giving my child(ren) a COVID-19 vaccine if my child(ren)’s doctor recommended it g | 27 | 20 | 60 | 6.10 (2.58–14.38) | <0.01 |
I would feel more comfortable giving my child(ren) a COVID-19 vaccine that was fully approved for children by the FDA (instead of just authorized for emergency use) g | 66 | 51 | 80 | 3.94 (2.59–5.99) | <0.01 |
Agreement With General Vaccine Likert Scale Items | |||||
I am confident in the safety of vaccines | 79 | 60 | 93 | 8.58 (6.41–11.5) | <0.01 |
I do not trust a vaccine unless it has already been safely given to millions of other people | 46 | 63 | 37 | 0.34 (0.27–0.42) | <0.01 |
I am concerned about some of the ingredients in vaccines | 47 | 68 | 34 | 0.24 (0.20–0.31) | <0.01 |
Vaccine recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are a good fit for me | 72 | 48 | 88 | 8.27 (6.39–10.71) | <0.01 |
I am concerned that the government and drug companies experiment on people like me | 41 | 64 | 27 | 0.21 (0.17–0.26) | <0.01 |
The benefits of vaccines are much bigger than their risks | 78 | 58 | 93 | 9.73 (7.30–12.96) | <0.01 |
Survey Items | Total Not Up-to-Date (%) a | COVID Vaccine Intentions, % b | p-Value c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Likely | Uncertain | Unlikely | |||
All | 100 | 12 | 46 | 42 | |
Constructs e | |||||
Trust in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 44 | 84 | 56 | 15 | <0.01 |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||||
Gender | 0.97 | ||||
Female | 52 | 52 | 51 | 52 | |
Male | 48 | 48 | 49 | 48 | |
Age (years) | 0.46 | ||||
18–29 | 28 | 33 | 28 | 24 | |
30–44 | 30 | 32 | 32 | 29 | |
45–59 | 22 | 17 | 21 | 23 | |
60+ | 20 | 17 | 19 | 24 | |
Education (attained) | 0.17 | ||||
<High school | 13 | 22 | 14 | 10 | |
High school | 34 | 24 | 34 | 39 | |
Some college | 29 | 28 | 29 | 29 | |
Bachelor’s or higher | 16 | 19 | 16 | 14 | |
Master’s or higher | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | |
Race/Ethnicity | <0.01 | ||||
White, non-Hispanic | 66 | 37 | 63 | 76 | |
Black, non-Hispanic | 12 | 20 | 13 | 9 | |
Hispanic | 17 | 31 | 18 | 12 | |
Other, non-Hispanic | 6 | 11 | 7 | 3 | |
Region | 0.14 | ||||
Northeast | 14 | 13 | 12 | 16 | |
Midwest | 23 | 18 | 25 | 20 | |
South | 45 | 50 | 40 | 48 | |
West | 18 | 19 | 22 | 15 | |
Household income | 0.68 | ||||
<$50 k | 35 | 43 | 38 | 35 | |
$50–75 k | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | |
$75–100 k | 14 | 9 | 15 | 11 | |
$100–150 k | 18 | 16 | 15 | 20 | |
$150 k+ | 16 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
Political affiliation | <0.01 | ||||
Republican | 39 | 15 | 31 | 52 | |
Democrat | 18 | 42 | 22 | 5 | |
Independent/other | 43 | 43 | 47 | 43 | |
Metropolitan Statistical Area status (metro vs. non-metro) | 81 | 86 | 84 | 78 | 0.19 |
Parent status (at least one child < 18 vs. no children < 18) | 36 | 48 | 34 | 33 | 0.06 |
Affirmative Responses To Survey Items f | |||||
Vaccination and Disease Status | |||||
Vaccinated against flu within the past year | 26 | 45 | 27 | 20 | <0.01 |
Ever knowingly had COVID disease | 53 | 49 | 49 | 55 | 0.31 |
Reasons to not get a COVID-19 vaccine h | |||||
I do not think I am at risk of getting COVID-19 | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 23 | 20 | 16 | 30 | |
No | 52 | 62 | 49 | 54 | |
Do not know | 25 | 18 | 35 | 16 | |
I do not think I would get very sick if I got COVID-19 | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 45 | 19 | 40 | 52 | |
No | 33 | 53 | 33 | 30 | |
Do not know | 21 | 28 | 27 | 18 | |
I do not believe COVID-19 is any worse than the seasonal flu | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 47 | 15 | 36 | 64 | |
No | 36 | 70 | 41 | 23 | |
Do not know | 17 | 15 | 22 | 14 | |
I do not think the COVID-19 vaccines are likely to protect me from COVID-19 | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 54 | 19 | 37 | 78 | |
No | 28 | 56 | 37 | 12 | |
Do not know | 18 | 25 | 26 | 10 | |
I do not think the COVID-19 vaccines are likely to protect me from new variants of COVID-19 | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 61 | 26 | 48 | 79 | |
No | 21 | 49 | 26 | 11 | |
Do not know | 18 | 25 | 26 | 10 | |
I do not think the COVID-19 vaccines are likely to protect me from “Long COVID” | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 53 | 22 | 37 | 74 | |
No | 21 | 51 | 26 | 11 | |
Do not know | 26 | 26 | 37 | 15 | |
It is better to develop immunity to COVID-19 by getting sick rather than by getting a shot | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 50 | 14 | 33 | 76 | |
No | 26 | 69 | 35 | 5 | |
Do not know | 24 | 17 | 32 | 19 | |
I would rather take other precautions (such masking and social distancing) than get a shot | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 41 | 20 | 42 | 42 | |
No | 51 | 66 | 45 | 53 | |
Do not know | 9 | 14 | 13 | 4 | |
I am worried about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 66 | 23 | 56 | 83 | |
No | 25 | 67 | 32 | 10 | |
Do not know | 9 | 10 | 13 | 7 | |
I do not like needles | 0.03 | ||||
Yes | 23 | 35 | 24 | 21 | |
No | 74 | 55 | 72 | 77 | |
Do not know | 4 | 10 | 4 | 3 | |
I do not trust how the vaccine was developed | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 57 | 17 | 41 | 81 | |
No | 29 | 63 | 40 | 10 | |
Do not know | 14 | 20 | 19 | 10 | |
I do not trust the pharmaceutical companies that have developed the vaccine | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 54 | 19 | 38 | 79 | |
No | 28 | 49 | 39 | 12 | |
Do not know | 18 | 32 | 24 | 10 | |
I do not believe that the government is acting in my or my family’s best interest | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 60 | 22 | 45 | 83 | |
No | 23 | 52 | 32 | 7 | |
Do not know | 17 | 26 | 23 | 10 | |
I do not have access to where vaccines are being given | 0.04 | ||||
Yes | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 | |
No | 89 | 77 | 85 | 91 | |
Do not know | 7 | 12 | 9 | 4 | |
I do not know how to register to get a vaccine | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 3 | 13 | 3 | 3 | |
No | 93 | 81 | 89 | 94 | |
Do not know | 4 | 6 | 7 | 3 | |
I know how to register to get a vaccine but it is too difficult | 0.03 | ||||
Yes | 4 | 11 | 5 | 2 | |
No | 89 | 78 | 86 | 93 | |
Do not know | 6 | 11 | 9 | 4 | |
My friends and/or family do not want to get the vaccine | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 22 | 15 | 15 | 30 | |
No | 62 | 74 | 68 | 53 | |
Do not know | 16 | 12 | 17 | 17 | |
I have seen posts on social media that make me wary of the vaccine | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 23 | 12 | 18 | 31 | |
No | 69 | 72 | 72 | 63 | |
Do not know | 8 | 16 | 10 | 6 | |
I want to wait to see what happens to others | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 39 | 14 | 36 | 44 | |
No | 51 | 70 | 49 | 51 | |
Do not know | 10 | 16 | 15 | 5 | |
I need more time to learn and think more about it | <0.01 | ||||
Yes | 34 | 18 | 41 | 28 | |
No | 59 | 64 | 49 | 68 | |
Do not know | 7 | 18 | 10 | 3 | |
Other | 0.02 | ||||
Yes | 25 | 15 | 19 | 32 | |
No | 54 | 46 | 59 | 47 | |
Do not know | 22 | 39 | 22 | 20 | |
Concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccines i | |||||
How fast COVID-19 vaccines were developed and made available to the public | 84 | 58 | 77 | 89 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines are new | 79 | 37 | 75 | 85 | <0.01 |
A lot of people who get the vaccine feel tired, achy, and get headaches and fever the next day | 58 | 64 | 52 | 65 | 0.03 |
Some people have bad allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines | 70 | 57 | 65 | 74 | 0.08 |
I am not sure the ingredients in COVID-19 vaccines are safe | 78 | 59 | 69 | 87 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines are made from mRNA | 69 | 42 | 59 | 78 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines might change my DNA | 44 | 48 | 37 | 53 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines might affect my fertility or ability to have children | 41 | 52 | 33 | 46 | 0.01 |
There may be side effects to the COVID-19 vaccine that have not been figured out yet | 91 | 67 | 88 | 92 | <0.01 |
There were not enough people of my race/ethnicity who were a part of the vaccine studies | 35 | 51 | 37 | 37 | 0.46 |
They are experimenting on people with the COVID-19 vaccine | 73 | 59 | 63 | 84 | <0.01 |
The drug companies are making a lot of money off of COVID-19 vaccines | 75 | 63 | 67 | 83 | <0.01 |
Some COVID-19 vaccines are made from aborted fetuses | 48 | 57 | 38 | 58 | <0.01 |
Confidence in sources for information about COVID-19 | |||||
My doctor | 73 | 94 | 80 | 54 | <0.01 |
My local or state health department | 50 | 87 | 60 | 25 | <0.01 |
Scientists and doctors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 43 | 87 | 53 | 17 | <0.01 |
The Surgeon General | 42 | 83 | 52 | 15 | <0.01 |
Scientists and doctors from universities | 49 | 88 | 57 | 26 | <0.01 |
Dr. Anthony Fauci from the National Institutes of Health | 33 | 78 | 41 | 10 | <0.01 |
Dr. Rochelle Walensky, CDC Director | 35 | 77 | 42 | 13 | <0.01 |
Dr. David Satcher, Morehouse School of Medicine, Former CDC Director and Surgeon General | 35 | 75 | 42 | 14 | <0.01 |
My religious leader | 26 | 40 | 25 | 24 | 0.02 |
Other non-medical people in my community that I trust (specify) | 25 | 27 | 24 | 28 | 0.70 |
What I see on the news | 16 | 44 | 20 | 5 | <0.01 |
What I see on social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) | 9 | 20 | 9 | 6 | <0.01 |
Agreement With Other COVID-19 Likert Scale Items (For Adults) | |||||
I am worried I may accidentally spread COVID-19 to my family members in the next six months | 19 | 54 | 21 | 7 | <0.01 |
I am worried I may accidentally spread COVID-19 to my friends, neighbors, or co-workers in the next six months | 17 | 53 | 18 | 7 | <0.01 |
If I get COVID-19, I think it will be severe | 13 | 40 | 12 | 7 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines are important to stopping the spread of infection in the US | 44 | 97 | 59 | 10 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines are important to helping the US get back to a normal life | 40 | 94 | 53 | 9 | <0.01 |
Most or all of my family members have gotten vaccinated against COVID-19 | 40 | 69 | 47 | 21 | <0.01 |
Most or all of my friends have gotten vaccinated against COVID-19 | 33 | 54 | 39 | 16 | <0.01 |
If my main doctor were to recommend that I take the COVID-19 vaccine, I would be likely to take it | 28 | 96 | 46 | 6 | <0.01 |
If a close family member were to recommend that I take the COVID-19 vaccine, I would be likely to take it | 24 | 75 | 40 | 3 | <0.01 |
If my close friends were to recommend that I take the COVID-19 vaccine, I would be likely to take it | 20 | 73 | 33 | 3 | <0.01 |
I feel knowledgeable about the COVID-19 vaccine | 68 | 64 | 62 | 76 | <0.01 |
I would like to get more information on COVID-19 vaccines | 24 | 53 | 31 | 10 | <0.01 |
Agreement With Other COVID-19 Likert Scale Items (for Children) | |||||
COVID-19 can be a serious disease for some children | 71 | 94 | 81 | 51 | <0.01 |
I am concerned about the safety of COVID-19 vaccine in children | 78 | 69 | 78 | 81 | 0.08 |
Vaccinating children against COVID-19 is important to end the pandemic and get back to normal | 33 | 88 | 43 | 8 | <0.01 |
It is better for children to develop immunity to COVID-19 by getting sick rather than by getting a shot | 65 | 28 | 56 | 84 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 in children is no worse than a cold or the flu | 64 | 33 | 58 | 79 | <0.01 |
I would support a requirement for children to be vaccinated against COVID-19 to attend school | 27 | 83 | 31 | 5 | <0.01 |
My child(ren)’s doctor recommended that my child(ren) be vaccinated against COVID-19 once authorized by the FDA g | 46 | 80 | 50 | 22 | <0.01 |
If not: I would feel more comfortable giving my child(ren) a COVID-19 vaccine if my child(ren)’s doctor recommended it g | 20 | 81 | 28 | 6 | <0.01 |
I would feel more comfortable giving my child(ren) a COVID-19 vaccine that was fully approved for children by the FDA (instead of just authorized for emergency use) g | 51 | 93 | 62 | 16 | <0.01 |
Agreement With General Vaccine Likert Scale Items | |||||
I am confident in the safety of vaccines | 60 | 92 | 66 | 40 | <0.01 |
I do not trust a vaccine unless it has already been safely given to millions of other people | 63 | 50 | 63 | 64 | 0.08 |
I am concerned about some of the ingredients in vaccines | 68 | 56 | 64 | 76 | <0.01 |
Vaccine recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are a good fit for me | 48 | 92 | 58 | 22 | <0.01 |
I am concerned that the government and drug companies experiment on people like me | 64 | 51 | 57 | 76 | <0.01 |
The benefits of vaccines are much bigger than their risks | 58 | 87 | 64 | 36 | <0.01 |
Survey Items | Total (%) a | Race/Ethnicity (%) b | p-Value c | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White | Black | Hispanic | Other | |||
All | 100 | 63 | 12 | 17 | 8 | |
Constructs d | ||||||
Trust in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 68 | 63 | 74 | 74 | 81 | <0.01 |
Affirmative Responses To Survey Items e | ||||||
Vaccination and Disease Status | ||||||
Vaccinated against flu within the past year | 54 | 57 | 46 | 46 | 60 | <0.01 |
Ever knowingly had COVID disease | 44 | 44 | 34 | 48 | 50 | 0.01 |
Vaccinated against COVID (at least one dose) | 85 | 83 | 84 | 87 | 95 | <0.01 |
Up-to-date on COVID vaccines | 63 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 75 | 0.02 |
If not up-to-date: intentions to get up-to-date | <0.01 | |||||
Likely to soon get up-to-date | 12 | 7 | 20 | 22 | 24 | |
Uncertain about getting up-to-date | 46 | 44 | 49 | 48 | 54 | |
Unlikely to ever get up-to-date | 42 | 49 | 32 | 30 | 22 | |
Reasons to not get a COVID-19 vaccine h | ||||||
I do not think I am at risk of getting COVID-19 | 0.20 | |||||
Yes | 23 | 21 | 22 | 26 | 23 | |
No | 52 | 56 | 48 | 38 | 52 | |
Do not know | 25 | 23 | 30 | 36 | 25 | |
I do not think I would get very sick if I got COVID-19 | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 45 | 48 | 24 | 36 | 44 | |
No | 33 | 31 | 38 | 33 | 48 | |
Do not know | 21 | 21 | 38 | 31 | 8 | |
I do not believe COVID-19 is any worse than the seasonal flu | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 47 | 55 | 23 | 32 | 32 | |
No | 36 | 31 | 44 | 40 | 67 | |
Do not know | 17 | 15 | 33 | 28 | 1 | |
I do not think the COVID-19 vaccines are likely to protect me from COVID-19 | 0.01 | |||||
Yes | 54 | 59 | 40 | 43 | 43 | |
No | 28 | 24 | 32 | 31 | 50 | |
Do not know | 18 | 17 | 27 | 26 | 8 | |
I do not think the COVID-19 vaccines are likely to protect me from new variants of COVID-19 | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 61 | 67 | 46 | 48 | 31 | |
No | 21 | 16 | 29 | 24 | 53 | |
Do not know | 18 | 16 | 25 | 28 | 16 | |
I do not think the COVID-19 vaccines are likely to protect me from “Long COVID” | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 53 | 59 | 43 | 39 | 29 | |
No | 21 | 16 | 27 | 27 | 52 | |
Do not know | 26 | 25 | 30 | 35 | 19 | |
It is better to develop immunity to COVID-19 by getting sick rather than by getting a shot | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 50 | 55 | 30 | 45 | 42 | |
No | 26 | 22 | 29 | 25 | 44 | |
Do not know | 24 | 23 | 41 | 30 | 13 | |
I would rather take other precautions (such as masking and social distancing) than get a shot | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 41 | 35 | 61 | 51 | 31 | <0.01 |
No | 51 | 57 | 28 | 35 | 63 | |
Do not know | 9 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 6 | |
I am worried about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines | 0.19 | |||||
Yes | 66 | 68 | 63 | 56 | 70 | |
No | 25 | 23 | 25 | 29 | 30 | |
Do not know | 9 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 0 | |
I do not like needles | 0.01 | |||||
Yes | 23 | 22 | 30 | 23 | 24 | |
No | 74 | 75 | 61 | 69 | 75 | |
Do not know | 4 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 1 | |
I do not trust how the vaccine was developed | 0.01 | |||||
Yes | 57 | 62 | 49 | 45 | 48 | |
No | 29 | 26 | 28 | 32 | 47 | |
Do not know | 14 | 13 | 23 | 23 | 6 | |
I do not trust the pharmaceutical companies that have developed the vaccine | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 54 | 60 | 43 | 43 | 43 | |
No | 28 | 24 | 30 | 31 | 50 | |
Do not know | 18 | 16 | 27 | 26 | 7 | |
I do not believe that the government is acting in my or my family’s best interest | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 60 | 66 | 49 | 45 | 51 | |
No | 23 | 19 | 25 | 28 | 38 | |
Do not know | 17 | 15 | 27 | 27 | 11 | |
I do not have access to where vaccines are being given | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 5 | 4 | 12 | 9 | 3 | |
No | 89 | 91 | 74 | 77 | 97 | |
Do not know | 7 | 6 | 14 | 14 | 0 | |
I do not know how to register to get a vaccine | 0.01 | |||||
Yes | 3 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 3 | |
No | 93 | 93 | 82 | 85 | 95 | |
Do not know | 4 | 4 | 11 | 9 | 2 | |
I know how to register to get a vaccine but it is too difficult | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 4 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 12 | |
No | 89 | 91 | 81 | 81 | 85 | |
Do not know | 6 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 2 | |
My friends and/or family do not want to get the vaccine | <0.01 | |||||
Yes | 22 | 23 | 21 | 16 | 21 | |
No | 62 | 62 | 52 | 61 | 78 | |
Do not know | 16 | 15 | 26 | 23 | 1 | |
I have seen posts on social media that make me wary of the vaccine | 0.16 | |||||
Yes | 23 | 22 | 24 | 27 | 19 | |
No | 69 | 69 | 63 | 61 | 81 | |
Do not know | 8 | 9 | 13 | 12 | 0 | |
I want to wait to see what happens to others | 0.10 | |||||
Yes | 39 | 38 | 33 | 39 | 41 | |
No | 51 | 53 | 47 | 45 | 50 | |
Do not know | 10 | 9 | 20 | 15 | 8 | |
I need more time to learn and think more about it | 0.03 | |||||
Yes | 34 | 32 | 40 | 38 | 37 | |
No | 59 | 62 | 51 | 48 | 62 | |
Do not know | 7 | 6 | 9 | 14 | 1 | |
Other | 0.03 | |||||
Yes | 25 | 29 | 17 | 15 | 10 | |
No | 54 | 49 | 55 | 57 | 77 | |
Do not know | 22 | 21 | 28 | 28 | 13 | |
Concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccines i | ||||||
How fast COVID-19 vaccines were developed and made available to the public | 84 | 87 | 76 | 68 | 90 | 0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines are new | 79 | 83 | 68 | 65 | 81 | <0.01 |
A lot of people who get the vaccine feel tired, achy, and get headaches and fever the next day | 58 | 59 | 64 | 57 | 56 | 0.79 |
Some people have bad allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines | 70 | 70 | 74 | 66 | 73 | 0.76 |
I am not sure the ingredients in COVID-19 vaccines are safe | 78 | 80 | 77 | 70 | 75 | 0.34 |
COVID-19 vaccines are made from mRNA | 69 | 72 | 64 | 56 | 69 | 0.07 |
COVID-19 vaccines might change my DNA | 44 | 44 | 54 | 51 | 39 | 0.31 |
COVID-19 vaccines might affect my fertility or ability to have children | 41 | 41 | 41 | 43 | 31 | 0.69 |
There may be side effects to the COVID-19 vaccine that have not been figured out yet | 91 | 92 | 83 | 77 | 100 | <0.01 |
There were not enough people of my race/ethnicity who were a part of the vaccine studies | 35 | 31 | 55 | 43 | 60 | <0.01 |
They are experimenting on people with the COVID-19 vaccine | 73 | 75 | 72 | 68 | 79 | 0.65 |
The drug companies are making a lot of money off of COVID-19 vaccines | 75 | 80 | 62 | 65 | 76 | <0.01 |
Some COVID-19 vaccines are made from aborted fetuses | 48 | 52 | 42 | 48 | 44 | 0.44 |
Confidence in sources for information about COVID-19 | ||||||
My doctor | 86 | 86 | 82 | 88 | 89 | 0.25 |
My local or state health department | 74 | 71 | 76 | 80 | 82 | <0.01 |
Scientists and doctors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 70 | 65 | 75 | 79 | 81 | <0.01 |
The Surgeon General | 68 | 63 | 72 | 76 | 82 | <0.01 |
Scientists and doctors from universities | 73 | 69 | 73 | 81 | 85 | <0.01 |
Dr. Anthony Fauci from the National Institutes of Health | 62 | 55 | 74 | 73 | 77 | <0.01 |
Dr. Rochelle Walensky, CDC Director | 63 | 58 | 67 | 72 | 73 | <0.01 |
Dr. David Satcher, Morehouse School of Medicine, Former CDC Director and Surgeon General | 62 | 57 | 67 | 71 | 76 | <0.01 |
My religious leader | 31 | 25 | 45 | 41 | 29 | <0.01 |
Other non-medical people in my community that I trust (specify) | 31 | 31 | 31 | 34 | 24 | 0.29 |
What I see on the news | 37 | 33 | 43 | 49 | 42 | <0.01 |
What I see on social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) | 13 | 8 | 20 | 24 | 15 | <0.01 |
Agreement With Other COVID-19 Likert Scale Items (For Adults) | ||||||
I am worried I may accidentally spread COVID-19 to my family members in the next six months | 30 | 24 | 36 | 47 | 38 | <0.01 |
I am worried I may accidentally spread COVID-19 to my friends, neighbors, or co-workers in the next six months | 27 | 21 | 31 | 43 | 36 | <0.01 |
If I get COVID-19, I think it will be severe | 14 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 0.05 |
COVID-19 vaccines are important to stopping the spread of infection in the US | 72 | 68 | 77 | 80 | 84 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines are important to helping the US get back to a normal life | 71 | 66 | 75 | 79 | 89 | <0.01 |
Most or all of my family members have gotten vaccinated against COVID-19 | 65 | 64 | 59 | 69 | 76 | <0.01 |
Most or all of my friends have gotten vaccinated against COVID-19 | 58 | 57 | 50 | 58 | 78 | <0.01 |
I feel knowledgeable about the COVID-19 vaccine | 76 | 80 | 75 | 63 | 79 | <0.01 |
I would like to get more information on COVID-19 vaccines | 30 | 25 | 40 | 41 | 37 | <0.01 |
Agreement With Other COVID-19 Likert Scale Items (for Children) | ||||||
COVID-19 can be a serious disease for some children | 83 | 82 | 91 | 81 | 86 | 0.01 |
I am concerned about the safety of COVID-19 vaccine in children | 61 | 59 | 70 | 67 | 51 | <0.01 |
Vaccinating children against COVID-19 is important to end the pandemic and get back to normal | 65 | 59 | 73 | 71 | 80 | <0.01 |
It is better for children to develop immunity to COVID-19 by getting sick rather than by getting a shot | 37 | 38 | 33 | 39 | 29 | 0.11 |
COVID-19 in children is no worse than a cold or the flu | 42 | 45 | 32 | 40 | 41 | 0.01 |
I would support a requirement for children to be vaccinated against COVID-19 to attend school | 56 | 50 | 65 | 64 | 72 | <0.01 |
My child(ren)’s doctor recommended that my child(ren) be vaccinated against COVID-19 once authorized by the FDA f | 67 | 60 | 69 | 69 | 93 | <0.01 |
If not: I would feel more comfortable giving my child(ren) a COVID-19 vaccine if my child(ren)’s doctor recommended it f | 27 | 28 | 22 | 23 | 35 | 0.83 |
I would feel more comfortable giving my child(ren) a COVID-19 vaccine that was fully approved for children by the FDA (instead of just authorized for emergency use) f | 66 | 59 | 68 | 76 | 72 | 0.01 |
Agreement With General Vaccine Likert Scale Items | ||||||
I am confident in the safety of vaccines | 79 | 78 | 77 | 81 | 88 | 0.05 |
I do not trust a vaccine unless it has already been safely given to millions of other people | 46 | 43 | 56 | 54 | 46 | <0.01 |
I am concerned about some of the ingredients in vaccines | 47 | 45 | 58 | 52 | 42 | <0.01 |
Vaccine recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are a good fit for me | 72 | 70 | 74 | 76 | 84 | <0.01 |
I am concerned that the government and drug companies experiment on people like me | 41 | 36 | 56 | 52 | 41 | <0.01 |
The benefits of vaccines are much bigger than their risks | 78 | 77 | 76 | 80 | 90 | 0.01 |
Survey Items | July 2021 % (n = 2525) a | Sept 2022 % (n = 2546) a | % Dif | p-Value b |
---|---|---|---|---|
Affirmative Responses To Survey Items c | ||||
Vaccination and Disease Status | ||||
Vaccinated against flu within the past year | 55.5 | 51.0 | −4.5 | 0.64 |
Ever knowingly had COVID disease | 9.9 | 45.6 | 35.6 | <0.01 |
Reasons to not get a COVID-19 vaccine d | ||||
I do not think I am at risk of getting COVID-19 | 36.3 | 19.1 | −17.2 | 0.22 |
I do not think I would get very sick if I got COVID-19 | 33.4 | 35.3 | 1.9 | 0.27 |
I do not believe COVID-19 is any worse than the seasonal flu | 36.8 | 33.9 | −2.9 | 0.11 |
I do not think the COVID-19 vaccines are likely to protect me from COVID-19 | 49.6 | 42.9 | −6.8 | 0.23 |
I am worried about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines | 86.7 | 68.3 | −18.4 | 0.06 |
I do not like needles | 25.8 | 27.0 | 1.2 | 0.76 |
I do not trust how the vaccine was developed | 71.0 | 59.9 | −11.0 | 0.27 |
I do not trust the pharmaceutical companies that have developed the vaccine | 56.1 | 54.6 | −1.5 | 0.99 |
I do not believe that the government is acting in my or my family’s best interest | 68.4 | 57.2 | −11.2 | 0.62 |
I do not have access to where vaccines are being given | 1.3 | 13.6 | 12.3 | <0.01 |
I do not know how to register to get a vaccine | 13.4 | 10.1 | −3.4 | <0.01 |
I know how to register to get a vaccine but it is too difficult | 6.7 | 5.0 | −1.7 | 0.79 |
My friends and/or family do not want to get the vaccine | 26.9 | 15.1 | −11.8 | 0.39 |
I have seen posts on social media that make me wary of the vaccine | 46.4 | 32.7 | −13.6 | 0.01 |
I want to wait to see what happens to others | 70.0 | 45.2 | −24.9 | <0.01 |
I need more time to learn and think more about it | 60.3 | 38.4 | −21.9 | 0.02 |
Concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccines e | ||||
How fast COVID-19 vaccines were developed and made available to the public | 93.7 | 82.9 | −10.7 | 0.23 |
COVID-19 vaccines are new | 92.2 | 75.6 | −16.7 | 0.12 |
A lot of people who get the vaccine feel tired, achy, and get headaches and fever the next day | 82.5 | 57.8 | −24.7 | 0.04 |
Some people have bad allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines | 93.4 | 62.2 | −31.2 | 0.01 |
I am not sure the ingredients in COVID-19 vaccines are safe | 93.4 | 74.1 | −19.2 | 0.10 |
COVID-19 vaccines are made from mRNA | 83.3 | 54.9 | −28.3 | 0.02 |
COVID-19 vaccines might change my DNA | 54.1 | 41.9 | −12.2 | 0.57 |
COVID-19 vaccines might affect my fertility or ability to have children | 54.7 | 42.9 | −11.8 | 0.31 |
There may be side effects to the COVID-19 vaccine that have not been figured out yet | 98.2 | 86.8 | −11.5 | 0.08 |
There were not enough people of my race/ethnicity who were a part of the vaccine studies | 35.3 | 37.2 | 1.9 | 0.97 |
They are experimenting on people with the COVID-19 vaccine | 80.3 | 72.2 | −8.1 | 0.68 |
The drug companies are making a lot of money off of COVID-19 vaccines | 73.1 | 74.8 | 1.7 | 0.97 |
Some COVID-19 vaccines are made from aborted fetuses | 62.9 | 51.9 | −10.9 | 0.38 |
Confidence in sources for information about COVID-19 | ||||
My doctor | 81.5 | 85.4 | 3.8 | 0.31 |
My local or state health department | 72.9 | 74.2 | 1.4 | 0.95 |
Scientists and doctors from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | 72.4 | 69.4 | −3.0 | 0.80 |
The Surgeon General | 68.1 | 68.5 | 0.4 | 0.99 |
Scientists and doctors from universities | 75.3 | 71.9 | −3.3 | 0.79 |
Dr. Anthony Fauci from the National Institutes of Health | 61.3 | 63.7 | 2.4 | 0.84 |
Dr. Rochelle Walensky, CDC Director | 64.7 | 61.1 | −3.6 | 0.78 |
Dr. David Satcher, Morehouse School of Medicine, Former CDC Director and Surgeon General | 64.7 | 61.8 | −2.9 | 0.80 |
My religious leader | 39.2 | 30.5 | −8.7 | 0.09 |
Other non-medical people in my community that I trust (specify) | 31.7 | 34.7 | 2.9 | 0.52 |
What I see on the news | 42.9 | 33.0 | −10.0 | 0.14 |
What I see on social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) | 12.0 | 11.2 | −0.8 | 0.63 |
Agreement With Other COVID-19 Likert Scale Items (For Adults) | ||||
I am worried I may accidentally spread COVID-19 to my family members in the next six months | 25.1 | 30.1 | 5.0 | 0.38 |
I am worried I may accidentally spread COVID-19 to my friends, neighbors, or co-workers in the next six months | 21.7 | 27.1 | 5.4 | 0.34 |
If I get COVID-19, I think it will be severe | 22.6 | 15.3 | −7.3 | 0.02 |
COVID-19 vaccines are important to stopping the spread of infection in the US | 87.5 | 77.0 | −10.4 | <0.01 |
COVID-19 vaccines are important to helping the US get back to a normal life | 87.4 | 75.7 | −11.6 | <0.01 |
Most or all of my family members have gotten vaccinated against COVID-19 | 61.2 | 66.7 | 5.5 | 0.57 |
Most or all of my friends have gotten vaccinated against COVID-19 | 60.9 | 61.6 | 0.8 | 0.45 |
Agreement With General Vaccine Likert Scale Items | ||||
I am confident in the safety of vaccines | 84.4 | 81.7 | −2.7 | 0.21 |
I do not trust a vaccine unless it has already been safely given to millions of other people | 41.8 | 41.8 | −0.1 | 0.21 |
I am concerned about some of the ingredients in vaccines | 44.7 | 44.0 | −0.7 | 0.53 |
Vaccine recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are a good fit for me | 79.4 | 72.3 | −7.1 | 0.16 |
I am concerned that the government and drug companies experiment on people like me | 42.1 | 39.2 | −2.9 | 0.78 |
The benefits of vaccines are much bigger than their risks | 84.3 | 80.1 | −4.3 | 0.18 |
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Dudley, M.Z.; Schuh, H.B.; Shaw, J.; Salmon, D.A. Attitudes and Values of US Adults Not Yet Up-to-Date on COVID-19 Vaccines in September 2022. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3932. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123932
Dudley MZ, Schuh HB, Shaw J, Salmon DA. Attitudes and Values of US Adults Not Yet Up-to-Date on COVID-19 Vaccines in September 2022. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(12):3932. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123932
Chicago/Turabian StyleDudley, Matthew Z., Holly B. Schuh, Jana Shaw, and Daniel A. Salmon. 2023. "Attitudes and Values of US Adults Not Yet Up-to-Date on COVID-19 Vaccines in September 2022" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 12: 3932. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12123932