Semen Analysis in “Urology-Naïve” Patients: A Chance of Uroandrological Screening in Young Males
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Carlsson, S.; Assel, M.; Ulmert, D.; Gerdtsson, A.; Hugosson, J.; Vickers, A.; Lilja, H. Screening for Prostate Cancer Starting at Age 50–54 Years. A Population-based Cohort Study. Eur. Urol. 2017, 71, 46–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Kusler, K.A.; Poynter, J.N. International testicular cancer incidence rates in children, adolescents, and young adults. Cancer Epidemiol. 2018, 56, 106–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alsaikhan, B.; Alrabeeah, K.; Delouya, G.; Zini, A. Epidemiology of varicocele. Asian J. Androl. 2016, 18, 179–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Agarwal, A.; Mulgund, A.; Hamada, A.; Chyatte, M.R. A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2015, 13, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Sun, H.; Gong, T.T.; Jiang, Y.T.; Zhang, S.; Zhao, Y.H.; Wu, Q.J. Global, regional, and national prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years for infertility in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: Results from a global burden of disease study, 2017. Aging 2019, 11, 10952–10991. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sengupta, P.; Dutta, S.; Krajewska-Kulak, E. The Disappearing Sperms: Analysis of Reports Published between 1980 and 2015. Am. J. Mens. Health 2017, 11, 1279–1304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Montano, L.; Maugeri, A.; Volpe, M.G.; Micali, S.; Mirone, V.; Mantovani, A.; Navarra, M.; Piscopo, M. Mediterranean Diet as a Shield against Male Infertility and Cancer Risk Induced by Environmental Pollutants: A Focus on Flavonoids. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 1568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kasman, A.M.; Del Giudice, F.; Eisenberg, M.L. New insights to guide patient care: The bidirectional relationship between male infertility and male health. Fertil. Steril. 2020, 113, 469–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boeri, L.; Capogrosso, P.; Ventimiglia, E.; Pederzoli, F.; Frego, N.; Cazzaniga, W.; Chierigo, F.; Alfano, M.; Piemonti, L.; Viganò, P.; et al. Undiagnosed prediabetes is highly prevalent in primary infertile men—Results from a cross-sectional study. BJU Int. 2019, 123, 1070–1077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cazzaniga, W.; Capogrosso, P.; Ventimiglia, E.; Pederzoli, F.; Boeri, L.; Frego, N.; Abbate, C.; Alfano, M.; Viganò, P.; Montorsi, F.; et al. High Blood Pressure Is a Highly Prevalent but Unrecognised Condition in Primary Infertile Men: Results of a Cross-sectional Study. Eur. Urol. Focus 2020, 6, 178–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xavier, M.J.; Roman, S.D.; Aitken, R.J.; Nixon, B. Transgenerational inheritance: How impacts to the epigenetic and genetic information of parents affect offspring health. Hum. Reprod. Update 2019, 25, 518–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bergamo, P.; Volpe, M.G.; Lorenzetti, S.; Mantovani, A.; Notari, T.; Cocca, E.; Cerullo, S.; Di Stasio, M.; Cerino, P.; Montano, L. Human Semen as an Early, Sensitive Biomarker of Highly Polluted Living Environment in Healthy Men: A Pilot Biomonitoring Study on Trace Elements in Blood and Semen and Their Relationship with Sperm Quality and RedOx Status. Reprod. Toxicol. 2016, 66, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vecoli, C.; Montano, L.; Borghini, A.; Notari, T.; Guglielmino, A.; Mercuri, A.; Turchi, S.; Andreassi, M.G. Effects of Highly Polluted Environment on Sperm Telomere Length: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 1703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Montano, L.; Bergamo, P.; Lorenzetti, S.; Andreassi, M.G. The Role of Human Semen as an Early and Reliable Tool of Environmental Impact Assessment on Human Health. In Spermatozoa—Facts Perspect; IntechOpen: London, UK, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Montano, L. Reproductive Biomarkers as Early Indicators for Assessing Environmental Health Risk. Available online: https://www.eurekaselect.com/185279/chapter (accessed on 20 December 2020).
- Montano, L.; Ceretti, E.; Donato, F.; Bergamo, P.; Zani, C.; Viola, G.C.V.; Notari, T.; Pappalardo, S.; Zani, D.; Ubaldi, S.; et al. Effects of a Lifestyle Change Intervention on Semen Quality in Healthy Young Men Living in Highly Polluted Areas in Italy: The FAST Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur. Urol. Focus. 2021, 8, 351–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nunzio, A.D.; Giarra, A.; Toscanesi, M.; Amoresano, A.; Piscopo, M.; Ceretti, E.; Zani, C.; Lorenzetti, S.; Trifuoggi, M.; Montano, L. Comparison between Macro and Trace Element Concentrations in Human Semen and Blood Serum in Highly Polluted Areas in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 2022, 19, 11635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Medical Association. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA 2013, 310, 2191–2194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, 5th ed.; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010.
- Levine, H.; Jørgensen, N.; Martino-Andrade, A.; Mendiola, J.; Weksler-Derri, D.; Mindlis, I.; Pinotti, R.; Swan, S.H. Temporal trends in sperm count: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Hum. Reprod. Update 2017, 23, 646–659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Rowe, P.J.; Comhaire, F.H.; Hargreave, T.B.; Mahmoud, A.M. WHO Manual of the Standardized Investigation and Diagnosis of the Infertile Couple; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Saab, M.M.; Davoren, M.; Murphy, A.; Murphy, D.; Cooke, E.; Landers, M.; Fitzgerald, S.; Richardson, N.; Rovito, M.; Von Wagner, C.; et al. Promoting men’s awareness, self-examination, and help-seeking for testicular disorders: A systematic review of interventions. HRB Open Res. 2018, 1, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooper, T.G.; Noonan, E.; von Eckardstein, S.; Auger, J.; Baker, H.W.; Behre, H.M.; Haugen, T.B.; Kruger, T.; Wang, C.; Mbizvo, M.T.; et al. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum. Reprod. Update 2010, 16, 231–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Milardi, D.; Grande, G.; Sacchini, D.; Astorri, A.L.; Pompa, G.; Giampietro, A.; De Marinis, L.; Pontecorvi, A.; Spagnolo, A.G.; Marana, R. Male fertility and reduction in semen parameters: A single tertiary-care center experience. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2012, 2012, 649149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Virtanen, H.E.; Rajpert-De Meyts, E.; Main, K.M.; Skakkebaek, N.E.; Toppari, J. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome and the development and occurrence of male reproductive disorders. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 207 (Suppl. S2), 501–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Belladelli, F.; Del Giudice, F.; Kasman, A.; Kold Jensen, T.; Jørgensen, N.; Salonia, A.; Eisenberg, M.L. The association between cannabis use and testicular function in men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 2021, 9, 503–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kasman, A.; Del Giudice, F.; Shkolyar, E.; Porreca, A.; Busetto, G.M.; Lu, Y.; Eisenberg, M.L. Modeling the contribution of the obesity epidemic to the temporal decline in sperm counts. Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl. 2020, 92, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baazeem, A.; Belzile, E.; Ciampi, A.; Dohle, G.; Jarvi, K.; Salonia, A.; Weidner, W.; Zini, A. Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: A new meta-analysis and review of the role of varicocele repair. Eur. Urol. 2011, 60, 796–808. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pastuszak, A.W.; Kumar, V.; Shah, A.; Roth, D.R. Diagnostic and management approaches to pediatric and adolescent varicocele: A survey of pediatric urologists. Urology 2014, 84, 450–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, Z.L.; Werntz, R.P.; Eggener, S.E. Testicular Cancer: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Med. Clin. N. Am. 2018, 102, 251–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Giudice, F.; Kasman, A.M.; De Berardinis, E.; Busetto, G.M.; Belladelli, F.; Eisenberg, M.L. Association between male infertility and male-specific malignancies: Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based retrospective cohort studies. Fertil. Steril. 2020, 114, 984–996. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Capogrosso, P.; Colicchia, M.; Ventimiglia, E.; Castagna, G.; Clementi, M.C.; Suardi, N.; Castiglione, F.; Briganti, A.; Cantiello, F.; Damiano, R.; et al. One patient out of four with newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction is a young man—Worrisome picture from the everyday clinical practice. J. Sex. Med. 2013, 10, 1833–1841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rastrelli, G.; Maggi, M. Erectile dysfunction in fit and healthy young men: Psychological or pathological? Transl. Androl. Urol. 2017, 6, 79–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Park, B.Y.; Wilson, G.; Berger, J.; Christman, M.; Reina, B.; Bishop, F.; Klam, W.P.; Doan, A.P. Is Internet Pornography Causing Sexual Dysfunctions? A Review with Clinical Reports. Behav. Sci. 2016, 6, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Cavallini, G. Resolution of erectile dysfunction after an andrological visit in a selected population of patients affected by psychogenic erectile dysfunction. Asian J. Androl. 2017, 19, 219–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Number | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSH (microIU/mL) | 157 | 0.05 | 70.0 | 2.2 | 5.4 |
FSH (IU/L) | 157 | 1.0 | 60.7 | 3.9 | 4.9 |
LH (IU/L) | 157 | 1.0 | 13.3 | 3.6 | 1.6 |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 157 | 2.2 | 12.0 | 5.4 | 1.7 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) | 157 | 5.6 | 60.0 | 21.4 | 7.5 |
Number | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hemoglobin | 157 | 5.2 | 18.2 | 14.9 | 1.2 |
White blood cells | 157 | 3.0 | 13.5 | 5.9 | 1.7 |
Creatinine | 157 | 0.7 | 127.0 | 3.0 | 15.5 |
ALT | 157 | 9 | 227 | 27.0 | 25.3 |
AST | 157 | 12 | 469 | 32.7 | 51.1 |
G-GT | 157 | 8 | 60 | 20.8 | 8.7 |
Total cholesterol | 157 | 79 | 259 | 176.1 | 33.7 |
Tryglicerides | 157 | 19 | 612 | 90.3 | 66.4 |
Number | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 157 | 18.0 | 40.7 | 26.9 | 3.8 |
Height (cm) | 157 | 167 | 196 | 179.5 | 63.7 |
Weight (kg) | 157 | 55 | 110 | 76.6 | 9.3 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 157 | 18.4 | 35.1 | 23.8 | 2.5 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 157 | 65 | 106 | 83.4 | 10.3 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 157 | 65 | 120 | 84.3 | 12.8 |
Testicular volume (mL) | 157 | 12 | 22 | 15.7 | 2.1 |
Number | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 157 | 3.0 | 9.0 | 8.1 | 0.5 |
Volume | 157 | 0.5 | 10.0 | 3.4 | 1.8 |
Sperm concentration | 157 | 0 | 270.0 | 76.2 | 57.7 |
Total sperm number | 157 | 0 | 770.00 | 229.7 | 179.8 |
Normal forms | 157 | 0 | 20 | 4.3 | 2.8 |
Progressive motility | 157 | 0 | 94 | 51.6 | 20.4 |
Total motility | 157 | 0 | 97 | 58.5 | 19.7 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Puliatti, S.; Toso, S.; Ticonosco, M.; Rabito, S.; Sighinolfi, M.C.; Ferrari, R.; Rochira, V.; Santi, D.; Trenti, T.; Navarra, M.; et al. Semen Analysis in “Urology-Naïve” Patients: A Chance of Uroandrological Screening in Young Males. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3803. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113803
Puliatti S, Toso S, Ticonosco M, Rabito S, Sighinolfi MC, Ferrari R, Rochira V, Santi D, Trenti T, Navarra M, et al. Semen Analysis in “Urology-Naïve” Patients: A Chance of Uroandrological Screening in Young Males. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(11):3803. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113803
Chicago/Turabian StylePuliatti, Stefano, Stefano Toso, Marco Ticonosco, Salvatore Rabito, Maria Chiara Sighinolfi, Riccardo Ferrari, Vincenzo Rochira, Daniele Santi, Tommaso Trenti, Michele Navarra, and et al. 2023. "Semen Analysis in “Urology-Naïve” Patients: A Chance of Uroandrological Screening in Young Males" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 11: 3803. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113803
APA StylePuliatti, S., Toso, S., Ticonosco, M., Rabito, S., Sighinolfi, M. C., Ferrari, R., Rochira, V., Santi, D., Trenti, T., Navarra, M., Ferretti, S., Montano, L., & Micali, S. (2023). Semen Analysis in “Urology-Naïve” Patients: A Chance of Uroandrological Screening in Young Males. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(11), 3803. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12113803