Older Adults’ Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 and Associated Infection Control Measures in Shanghai and Impact on Well-Being
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Procedure
2.2. Setting and Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Impact of Pandemic
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n (%) |
---|---|
Sex (n, % female) | 777 (65.8) |
Age (years) | |
50–54 | 117 (9.9) |
55–64 | 403 (34.1) |
65–74 | 517 (43.8) |
75–84 | 124 (10.5) |
>85 | 20 (1.7) |
Marital Status | |
Married | 1042 (88.2) |
Widowed | 120 (10.2) |
Unmarried | 19 (1.6) |
Living Situation | |
Alone | 98 (8.3) |
With partner only | 757 (64.1) |
With adult children | 179 (15.2) |
With extended family | 147 (12.4) |
Highest Educational Attainment | |
Bachelor and above | 347 (29.4) |
Junior college or senior high school | 662 (56.1) |
Junior high school and below | 172 (14.6) |
Income Status | |
Retirement pension | 1008 (85.4) |
No fixed income (e.g., rely on children, state subsidies) | 22 (1.9) |
Extra money on top of pension (e.g., financial product, rent) | 151 (12.8) |
Current or Previous Occupation | |
City worker | 308 (26.1) |
Farmer | 10 (0.8) |
Teacher | 212 (18.0) |
Government | 78 (6.6) |
Health care provider | 199 (16.9) |
Veterans | 12 (1.0) |
Management (private or public) | 242 (20.5) |
Research | 32 (2.7) |
Other (civil servants) | 88 (7.5) |
Healthcare Insurance | |
Retiree | 989 (83.7) |
Town residents | 139 (11.8) |
Off-site | 48 (4.1) |
Self-pay | 5 (0.4) |
n (%)/ Mean ± SD | Perceived Impact of Pandemic on Health Condition | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Effect (n = 1110) | Effect (n = 71) | X2/t | p | ||
Chronic Condition | |||||
Hypertension | 521 (44.1) | 480 (43.2) | 41 (57.7) | 5.694 | 0.017 |
Coronary artery disease | 210 (17.8) | 189 (17.0) | 21 (29.6) | 7.190 | 0.007 |
Diabetes | 171 (14.5) | 156 (14.1) | 15 (21.1) | 2.696 | 0.101 |
Cerebrovascular disease | 83 (7.0) | 68 (6.1) | 15 (21.1) | 22.981 | <0.001 |
Renal disease | 29 (2.5) | 27 (2.4) | 2 (2.8) | 0.041 | 0.839 |
Heart failure | 44 (3.7) | 32 (2.9) | 12 (16.9) | 32.758 | <0.001 |
None of the above | 546 (46.2) | 527 (47.5) | 19 (26.8) | 11.522 | 0.001 |
One or more of above chronic conditions | 635 (53.8) | 583 (52.5) | 52 (73.2) | ||
Mental Health | |||||
History psychiatric disorder (n, % yes) | 62 (5.2) | 52 (4.7) | 10 (14.1) | 10.039 | 0.002 |
Taking psychoactive medication (n, % yes) | 61 (5.2) | 51 (4.6) | 10 (14.1) | 10.408 | 0.001 |
Major Life Event (n, % yes) | 133 (11.3) | 122 (11.0) | 11 (15.5) | 1.353 | 0.245 |
Somatic Self-rating Scale Total (/80) | 29.40 ± 7.11 | 29.01 ± 6.71 | 35.58 ± 9.85 | 5.540 | <0.001 |
Somatic Symptoms (/36) | 13.32 ± 3.35 | 13.17 ± 3.24 | 15.72 ± 4.11 | 5.117 | <0.001 |
Anxiety symptoms (/20) | 6.89 ± 1.90 | 6.79 ± 1.78 | 8.51 ± 2.82 | 5.073 | <0.001 |
Depressive symptoms (/16) | 5.85 ± 1.77 | 5.76 ±1.67 | 7.30 ± 2.55 | 5.019 | <0.001 |
Sleep and cognitive symptoms (/8) | 3.33 ± 1.09 | 3.29 ± 1.04 | 4.06 ± 1.48 | 4.299 | <0.001 |
SSS normal (20–29) | 681(57.7) | 658 (59.3) | 23 (32.4) | 37.848 | <0.001 |
SSS mild (30–39) | 409 (34.6) | 381 (34.3) | 28 (39.4) | ||
SSS moderate (40–59) | 87 (7.4) | 68 (6.1) | 19 (26.8) | ||
SSS severe (≥60) | 4 (0.3) | 3 (0.3) | 1 (1.4) | ||
SSS elevated (>36) | 185 (15.7) | 154 (13.9) | 31 (43.7) | 44.821 | <0.001 |
Depressive Symptoms (PHQ-9) | 2.50 ± 3.15 | 2.29 ± 2.81 | 5.79 ± 5.52 | 5.295 | <0.001 |
Elevated (5–27) | 238 (20.2) | 203 (18.3) | 35 (49.3) | 39.873 | <0.001 |
Sub-clinical (0–4) | 943 (79.8) | 907 (81.7) | 36 (50.7) | ||
Anxiety Symptoms (GAD-7) | 1.88 ± 3.04 | 1.68 ± 2.71 | 4.94 ± 5.42 | 5.033 | <0.001 |
Elevated (5–21) | 201 (17.0) | 168 (15.1) | 33 (46.5) | 46.421 | <0.001 |
Sub-clinical (0–4) | 980 (83.0) | 942 (84.9) | 38 (53.5) |
n (%) | Association with Depressive Symptoms | Association with Anxiety Symptoms | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elevated (n = 238) | Subclinical (n = 943) | X2/t | p | Elevated (n = 201) | Subclinical (n = 980) | X2/t | p | ||
Source of Pandemic-related Information | |||||||||
Television and newspaper only (traditional media) | 86 (7.3) | 18 (7.6) | 68 (7.2) | 0.235 | 0.954 | 17 (8.5) | 69 (7.0) | 2.741 | 0.220 |
Traditional and new media (e.g., WeChat) | 1090 (92.3) | 219 (92.0) | 871 (92.4) | 182 (90.5) | 908 (92.7) | ||||
No media; only family or neighbors | 5 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (0.3) | ||||
Perspective on Global COVID-19 Control | |||||||||
Do not worry about control, as the pandemic will gradually dissipate | 142 (12.0) | 26 (10.9) | 116 (12.3) | 6.905 | 0.075 | 23 (11.4) | 119 (12.1) | 9.763 | 0.021 |
Optimistic if continue internal controls and limit incomers | 969 (82.0) | 190 (79.8) | 779 (82.6) | 158 (78.6) | 811 (82.8) | ||||
Once control measures eased, COVID-19 will rebound, impacting lives | 30 (2.5) | 11 (4.6) | 19 (2.0) | 6 (3.0) | 24 (2.4) | ||||
Regardless of control measures, there will be another COVID-19 wave | 40 (3.4) | 11 (4.6) | 29 (3.1) | 14 (7.0) | 26 (2.7) | ||||
Perceptions Regarding COVID-19 Spread in the World | |||||||||
Concerned about relatives and friends abroad | 173 (14.6) | 37 (15.5) | 136 (14.4) | 0.192 | 0.661 | 38 (18.9) | 135 (13.8) | 3.511 | 0.061 |
Glad China has tried to keep the outbreak under control | 621 (52.6) | 123 (51.7) | 498 (52.8) | 0.097 | 0.755 | 102 (50.7) | 519 (53.0) | 0.328 | 0.567 |
Worried soon second wave due to incomers | 220 (18.6) | 61 (25.6) | 159 (16.9) | 9.641 | 0.002 | 60 (29.9) | 160 (16.3) | 20.126 | <0.001 |
Pandemic has spread globally and affected economy | 139 (11.8) | 33 (13.9) | 106 (11.2) | 1.261 | 0.261 | 41 (20.4) | 98 (10.0) | 17.366 | <0.001 |
Temporary issue; countries will be united in efforts so there is no need to be dejected | 646 (64.7) | 95 (39.9) | 551 (58.4) | 26.289 | <0.001 | 79 (39.3) | 567 (57.9) | 23.171 | <0.001 |
Only China is my concern; not our business | 49 (4.1) | 14 (5.9) | 35 (3.7) | 2.252 | 0.133 | 10 (5.0) | 39 (4.0) | 0.416 | 0.519 |
Impact of Pandemic on Life | |||||||||
None | 152 (12.9) | 20 (8.4) | 132 (14.0) | 47.145 | <0.001 | 9 (4.5) | 143 (14.6) | 99.338 | <0.001 |
Only physical distancing | 134 (11.3) | 29 (12.2) | 105 (11.1) | 27 (13.4) | 107 (10.9) | ||||
Temporary | 821 (69.5) | 152 (63.9) | 669 (70.9) | 123 (61.2) | 698 (71.2) | ||||
Permanent changes | 74 (6.3) | 37 (15.5) | 37 (3.9) | 42 (20.9) | 32 (3.3) | ||||
Compliance with Prevention and Control Measures | |||||||||
Strict, only go out for food or medicine | 868 (73.5) | 148 (62.2) | 720 (76.4) | 24.455 | <0.001 | 127 (63.2) | 741 (75.6) | 14.825 | 0.002 |
Barely go out | 169 (14.3) | 55 (23.1) | 114 (12.1) | 44 (21.9) | 125 (12.8) | ||||
Was strict at beginning, but gradually relaxed | 104 (8.8) | 28 (11.8) | 76 (8.1) | 21 (10.4) | 83 (8.5) | ||||
Continue to go out as usual | 40 (3.4) | 7 (2.9) | 33 (3.5) | 9 (4.5) | 31 (3.2) | ||||
How Long Strict Control Measures can be Tolerated | |||||||||
I cannot even endure 1–2 weeks | 5 (0.4) | 3 (1.3) | 2 (0.2) | 41.040 | <0.001 | 1 (0.5) | 4 (0.4) | 33.048 | <0.001 |
A month at maximum | 47 (4.0) | 9 (3.8) | 38 (4.0) | 9 (4.5) | 38 (3.9) | ||||
3 months maximum | 247 (20.9) | 74 (31.1) | 173 (18.3) | 69 (34.3) | 178 (18.2) | ||||
6 months maximum | 327 (27.7) | 80 (33.6) | 247 (26.2) | 59 (29.4) | 268 (27.3) | ||||
I can endure it for a long time | 555 (47.0) | 72 (30.3) | 483 (51.2) | 63 (31.3) | 492 (50.2) | ||||
Approach to Children | |||||||||
Isolated, with no visits | 390 (33.0) | 82 (34.5) | 308 (32.7) | 0.557 | 0.906 | 65 (32.3) | 325 (33.2) | 3.897 | 0.273 |
Minimize visits (approx. 1/week) | 238 (20.2) | 47 (19.7) | 191 (20.3) | 41 (20.4) | 197 (20.1) | ||||
Visits as usual | 156 (13.2) | 33 (13.9) | 123 (13.0) | 19 (9.5) | 137 (14.0) | ||||
Not applicable, as living with children | 397 (33.6) | 76 (31.9) | 321 (34.0) | 76 (37.8) | 321(32.8) | ||||
Impact of Pandemic on Health Condition * | |||||||||
No effect | 583 (91.8) | 129 (83.2) | 454 (94.6) | 20.102 | <0.001 | 96 (80.0) | 487 (94.6) | 27.454 | <0.001 |
Yes | 52 (8.2) | 26 (16.8) | 26 (5.4) | 24 (20.0) | 28 (5.4) | ||||
Exercise Maintenance during Outbreaks | |||||||||
Exercise in home | 870 (73.7) | 178 (74.8) | 692 (73.4) | 0.843 | 0.839 | 146 (72.6) | 724 (73.9) | 0.997 | 0.802 |
Exercise in residential area | 231 (19.6) | 47 (19.7) | 184 (19.5) | 43 (21.4) | 188 (19.2) | ||||
Exercise alone in green parks | 69 (5.8) | 11 (4.6) | 58 (6.2) | 11 (5.5) | 58 (5.9) | ||||
Exercise in a group | 11 (0.9) | 2 (0.8) | 9 (1.0) | 1 (0.5) | 10 (1.0) | ||||
None of the above | 0 |
Pillai’s Trace | Wilk’s λ | F | p | η2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.002 | 0.998 | 1.245 | 0.288 | 0.002 |
Age | 0.011 | 0.989 | 1.589 | 0.123 | 0.005 |
Income Status | 0.010 | 0.990 | 2.973 | 0.018 | 0.005 |
Hypertension | 0.012 | 0.988 | 7.071 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
Coronary Artery Disease | 0.034 | 0.966 | 20.573 | <0.001 | 0.034 |
Perspective on Global COVID-19 control | 0.016 | 0.984 | 3.224 | 0.004 | 0.008 |
Perceptions Regarding COVID-19 Spread | |||||
Concerned about relatives and friends abroad | 0.011 | 0.989 | 6.826 | 0.001 | 0.011 |
Glad China has tried to keep the outbreak under control | 0.003 | 0.997 | 1.896 | 0.151 | 0.003 |
Worried soon second wave due to incomers | 0.022 | 0.978 | 13.151 | <0.001 | 0.022 |
Pandemic has spread globally, and affected economy | 0.022 | 0.978 | 13.295 | <0.001 | 0.022 |
Temporary issue; countries will be united in efforts so there is no need to be dejected | 0.029 | 0.971 | 17.368 | <0.001 | 0.029 |
Only China is my concern; not our business | 0.002 | 0.998 | 1.288 | 0.276 | 0.002 |
Impact of Pandemic on Life | 0.101 | 0.899 | 20.953 | <0.001 | 0.051 |
Compliance with Prevention and Control Measures | 0.026 | 0.974 | 5.253 | <0.001 | 0.013 |
Impact of Pandemic on Health Condition | 0.077 | 0.923 | 49.230 | <0.001 | 0.077 |
How Long Strict Control Measures can be Tolerated | 0.052 | 0.948 | 7.824 | <0.001 | 0.026 |
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Xu, Z.; Cui, L.; Ghisi, G.L.d.M.; Liu, X.; Grace, S.L. Older Adults’ Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 and Associated Infection Control Measures in Shanghai and Impact on Well-Being. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 7275. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247275
Xu Z, Cui L, Ghisi GLdM, Liu X, Grace SL. Older Adults’ Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 and Associated Infection Control Measures in Shanghai and Impact on Well-Being. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(24):7275. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247275
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Zhimin, Lixian Cui, Gabriela Lima de Melo Ghisi, Xia Liu, and Sherry L. Grace. 2022. "Older Adults’ Attitudes Regarding COVID-19 and Associated Infection Control Measures in Shanghai and Impact on Well-Being" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 24: 7275. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247275