Comprehensive Approaches to Aspiration Pneumonia and Dysphagia in the Elderly on the Disease Time-Axis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prevalence
3. Mechanism
3.1. Cough Reflex Sensitivity
3.2. Swallowing Reflex
3.3. Lacunar Infarction and the Upper Respiratory Protective Reflexes
3.4. Brain and Swallowing
3.5. Breathing and Swallowing
3.6. Comorbidities Modifying the Development of Pneumonia
3.7. Pneumonia-Associated Sarcopenia
3.8. End-of-Life in Aspiration Pneumonia and Dysphagia
3.9. Pathophysiological Time-Axis of Aspiration Pneumonia and Dysphagia
4. Comprehensive Preventive Approach
4.1. Pharmacological Preventive Approach
4.1.1. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
4.1.2. Dopamine-Release-Stimulating Agent
4.1.3. Combination of Dopamine-Release-Stimulating Agent and ACE Inhibitor
4.1.4. Phosphodiesterase-III Inhibitors
4.1.5. 5-Hydroxytryptamine4 Receptor Agonist
4.2. Non-Pharmacological Approach: How to Prevent Aspiration at Home
4.2.1. Physical Properties of the Meal
4.2.2. Stimulation of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Receptor
4.2.2.1. Temperature of the Meal
4.2.2.2. Spices
4.2.3. Aromatherapy
4.2.4. Nutrition
4.2.5. Swallowing Rehabilitation
4.2.6. Oral Care
4.2.7. Sitting and Holding Position after Meals
4.2.8. Bowel Movement Control
4.3. Strategies for Preventing Aspiration Pneumonia
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Meals |
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After Eating |
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Ebihara, T. Comprehensive Approaches to Aspiration Pneumonia and Dysphagia in the Elderly on the Disease Time-Axis. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 5323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185323
Ebihara T. Comprehensive Approaches to Aspiration Pneumonia and Dysphagia in the Elderly on the Disease Time-Axis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2022; 11(18):5323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185323
Chicago/Turabian StyleEbihara, Takae. 2022. "Comprehensive Approaches to Aspiration Pneumonia and Dysphagia in the Elderly on the Disease Time-Axis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 18: 5323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185323
APA StyleEbihara, T. (2022). Comprehensive Approaches to Aspiration Pneumonia and Dysphagia in the Elderly on the Disease Time-Axis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(18), 5323. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185323