Differences in Psychiatric Comorbidities and Gender Distribution among Three Clusters of Personality Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Psychiatric Comorbidities
2.4. Statistical Methods and Sensitivity Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Cluster A N = 919 | Cluster B N = 5588 | Cluster C N = 3338 | F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 212.68 | <0.0001 | |||
Male | 573 (62.35) | 1726 (30.89) | 1484 (44.46) | ||
Female | 346 (37.65) | 3862 (69.11) | 1854 (55.54) | ||
Age at diagnosis, years | 38.49 ± 20.74 | 27.71 ± 9.76 | 43.17 ± 16.00 | 1437.36 | <0.0001 |
Psychiatric comorbidities | |||||
Neurodevelopmental disorders | 110 (11.97) | 338 (6.05) | 134 (4.01) | 41.55 | <0.0001 |
Schizophrenia | 359 (39.06) | 575 (10.29) | 465 (6.08) | 427.83 | <0.0001 |
Neurocognitive disorders | 104 (11.32) | 31 (0.55) | 100 (3.00) | 208.58 | <0.0001 |
Bipolar disorders | 96 (10.45) | 1235 (22.10) | 333 (9.98) | 127.59 | <0.0001 |
Trauma and stressor disorders | 128 (13.93) | 1216 (21.76) | 545 (16.33) | 29.10 | <0.0001 |
Feeding and eating disorders | 11 (1.20) | 325 (5.82) | 49 (1.47) | 63.29 | <0.0001 |
Substance and addictive disorders | 57 (6.20) | 1238 (22.15) | 206 (6.17) | 250.73 | <0.0001 |
Depressive disorders | 433 (47.12) | 3260 (58.34) | 2184 (65.43) | 55.76 | <0.0001 |
Anxiety disorders | 486 (52.88) | 2860 (51.18) | 2497 (74.81) | 263.84 | <0.0001 |
Obsessive–compulsive disorders | 119 (12.95) | 347 (6.21) | 580 (17.38) | 144.13 | <0.0001 |
Somatic symptom disorders | 50 (5.44) | 230 (4.12) | 305 (9.14) | 47.81 | <0.0001 |
Sleep–wake disorders | 486 (52.88) | 3572 (63.92) | 2411 (72.23) | 69.95 | <0.0001 |
Dissociative disorders | 9 (0.98) | 57 (1.02) | 13 (0.39) | 5.42 | 0.0044 |
Elimination disorders | 33 (3.59) | 61 (1.09) | 108 (3.24) | 30.04 | <0.0001 |
Sexual dysfunctions | 12 (1.31) | 29 (0.52) | 63 (1.89) | 19.09 | <0.0001 |
Gender dysphoria | 3 (0.33) | 16 (0.29) | 6 (0.18) | 0.57 | 0.5635 |
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders | 10 (1.09) | 59 (1.06) | 14 (0.42) | 5.43 | 0.0044 |
Paraphilic disorders | 4 (0.44) | 8 (0.14) | 9 (0.27) | 1.96 | 0.1412 |
Characteristics | Cluster A Male N = 573 | Female N = 346 | t or X2 | p | Cluster B Male N = 1726 | Female N = 3862 | t or X2 | p | Cluster C Male N = 1484 | Female N = 1854 | t or X2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age at diagnosis, years | 33.46 ± 18.51 | 46.82 ± 21.55 | 9.95 | <0.0001 | 25.84 ± 9.88 | 28.54 ± 9.59 | 9.63 | <0.0001 | 41.93 ± 16.95 | 44.16 ± 15.13 | 4.02 | <0.0001 |
Psychiatric comorbidities | ||||||||||||
Neurodevelopmental disorders | 87 (15.18) | 23 (6.65) | 14.92 | 0.0001 | 225 (13.04) | 113 (2.93) | 214.55 | <0.0001 | 91 (6.13) | 43 (2.32) | 31.10 | <0.0001 |
Disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders | 8 (1.40) | 2 (0.58) | 1.34 | 0.2468 | 31 (1.80) | 28 (0.73) | 13.10 | 0.0003 | 11 (0.74) | 3 (0.16) | 6.63 | 0.0101 |
Schizophrenia | 226 (39.44) | 133 (38.44) | 0.09 | 0.7629 | 195 (11.30) | 380 (9.84) | 2.75 | 0.0974 | 115 (7.75) | 88 (4.75) | 13.01 | 0.0003 |
Trauma and stressor disorders | 91 (15.88) | 37 (10.69) | 4.84 | 0.0278 | 495 (28.68) | 721 (18.67) | 70.20 | <0.0001 | 250 (16.85) | 295 (15.91) | 0.53 | 0.4678 |
Substance and addictive disorders | 45 (7.85) | 12 (3.47) | 7.13 | 0.0076 | 402 (23.29) | 836 (21.65) | 1.87 | 0.1715 | 118 (7.95) | 88 (4.75) | 14.62 | 0.0001 |
Obsessive–compulsive disorders | 88 (15.36) | 31 (8.96) | 7.83 | 0.0051 | 108 (6.26) | 239 (6.19) | 0.01 | 0.9216 | 336 (22.64) | 244 (13.16) | 51.61 | <0.0001 |
Sexual dysfunctions | 12 (2.09) | 0 (0.00) | 7.34 | 0.0067 | 23 (1.33) | 6 (0.16) | 32.02 | <0.0001 | 54 (3.64) | 9 (0.49) | 44.26 | <0.0001 |
Gender dysphoria | 3 (0.52) | 0 (0.00) | 1.82 | 0.1776 | 11 (0.64) | 5 (0.13) | 10.78 | 0.0010 | 5 (0.34) | 1 (0.05) | 3.68 | 0.0551 |
Paraphilic disorders | 3 (0.52) | 1 (0.29) | 0.27 | 0.6008 | 4 (0.23) | 4 (0.10) | 1.37 | 0.2417 | 7 (0.47) | 2 (0.11) | 4.06 | 0.0440 |
Neurocognitive disorders | 39 (6.81) | 65 (18.79) | 30.85 | <0.0001 | 8 (0.46) | 23 (0.60) | 0.38 | 0.5392 | 42 (2.83) | 58 (3.13) | 0.25 | 0.6155 |
Bipolar disorders | 53 (9.25) | 43 (12.43) | 2.33 | 0.1270 | 258 (14.95) | 977 (25.30) | 74.22 | <0.0001 | 123 (8.29) | 210 (11.33) | 8.47 | 0.0036 |
Depressive disorders | 267 (46.60) | 166 (47.98) | 0.16 | 0.6847 | 819 (47.45) | 2441 (63.21) | 121.83 | <0.0001 | 925 (62.33) | 1259 (67.91) | 11.33 | 0.0008 |
Anxiety disorders | 282 (49.21) | 204 (58.96) | 8.22 | 0.0041 | 623 (36.10) | 2237 (57.92) | 227.48 | <0.0001 | 1071 (72.17) | 1426 (76.91) | 9.85 | 0.0017 |
Feeding and eating disorders | 3 (0.52) | 8 (2.31) | 5.84 | 0.0157 | 12 (0.70) | 313 (8.10) | 119.55 | <0.0001 | 7 (0.47) | 42 (2.27) | 18.33 | <0.0001 |
Elimination disorders | 15 (2.62) | 18 (5.20) | 4.16 | 0.0413 | 10 (0.58) | 51 (1.32) | 6.07 | 0.0138 | 37 (2.49) | 71 (3.83) | 4.70 | 0.0301 |
Sleep–wake disorders | 258 (45.03) | 228 (65.90) | 37.71 | <0.0001 | 797 (46.18) | 2775 (71.85) | 341.05 | <0.0001 | 976 (65.77) | 1435 (77.40) | 55.60 | <0.0001 |
Dissociative disorders | 2 (0.35) | 7 (2.02) | 6.23 | 0.0125 | 9 (0.52) | 48 (1.24) | 6.15 | 0.0131 | 4 (0.27) | 9 (0.49) | 0.99 | 0.3197 |
Somatic symptom disorders a | 27 (4.71) | 23 (6.65) | 1.57 | 0.2101 | 52 (3.01) | 178 (4.61) | 7.70 | 0.0055 | 143 (9.64) | 162 (8.74) | 0.80 | 0.3708 |
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Hsu, C.-W.; Wang, L.-J.; Lin, P.-Y.; Hung, C.-F.; Yang, Y.-H.; Chen, Y.-M.; Kao, H.-Y. Differences in Psychiatric Comorbidities and Gender Distribution among Three Clusters of Personality Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153294
Hsu C-W, Wang L-J, Lin P-Y, Hung C-F, Yang Y-H, Chen Y-M, Kao H-Y. Differences in Psychiatric Comorbidities and Gender Distribution among Three Clusters of Personality Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(15):3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153294
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Chih-Wei, Liang-Jen Wang, Pao-Yen Lin, Chi-Fa Hung, Yao-Hsu Yang, Yu-Ming Chen, and Hung-Yu Kao. 2021. "Differences in Psychiatric Comorbidities and Gender Distribution among Three Clusters of Personality Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 15: 3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153294