Diagnostic Performance of Selected Baseline Electrocardiographic Parameters for Prediction of Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Evaluation of Electrocardiograms
- heart rate,
- location of MI,
- number of leads with ST-segment elevation,
- sum of ST-segment elevation in all leads,
- maximum ST-segment elevation in a single lead,
- presence of reciprocal ST-segment depression ≥0.1 mV on admission to hospital,
- number of leads with pathological Q-waves (according to the 2007 universal definition of MI) [18],
- the degree of ischemia according to the Birnbaum–Sklarovsky classification [2] and
- QRS complex width.
2.3. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
2.4. Concomitant Pharmacotherapy
2.5. Echocardiography
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Course of the Study
3.2. Clinical, Demographic, Angiographic and Biochemical Parameters
3.3. Echocardiographic Characteristics
3.4. Electrocardiographic Characteristics
3.5. Comparison of Demographic, Clinical, Angiographic and Biochemical Characteristics of Patients with LVR (LVR (+) Group) and without LVR (LVR (−) Group)
3.6. Electrocardiographic Characteristics of Patients with LVR
3.7. Predictors of LVR Occurrence 6 Months after Discharge from Hospital in Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Models
3.8. Determinants of Increase in LVEDV
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Overall Study Population (n = 249) | Patients with LVR at 6 Months (n = 68) | Patients without LVR at 6 Months (n = 181) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 57.0 (51.0-64.0) | 55.5 (50.0-62.0) | 58.0 (52.0-64.0) | 0.166 |
Gender (male/female) | 186 (74.7%)/63 (25.3%) | 52 (76.5%)/16 (23.5%) | 134 (74.0%)/47 (26.0%) | 0.693 |
Weight (kg) | 78.0 (70.0-88.0) | 80.0 (71.0-91.5) | 78.0 (70.0-87.0) | 0.092 |
Height (cm) | 170.0 (165.0-176.0) | 172.5 (166.0-176.5) | 170.0 (164.0-176.0) | 0.085 |
Time from symptom onset to PCI (min) | 220.0 (150.0-331.5) | 228.0 (140.0-345.0) | 220.0 (156.0-324.5) | 0.908 |
Risk factors for coronary artery disease | ||||
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 (24.2-29.4) | 26.9 (24.7-30.0) | 26.3 (24.2-29.1) | 0.252 |
Hypertension | 103 (41.4%) | 31 (45.6%) | 72 (39.8%) | 0.407 |
Diabetes mellitus | 50 (20.1%) | 16 (23.5%) | 34 (18.8%) | 0.405 |
Previously known hyperlipidemia | 58 (23.3%) | 14 (20.6%) | 44 (24.3%) | 0.536 |
Current or ex-smoker | 164 (65.9%) | 44 (64.7%) | 120 (66.3%) | 0.813 |
Positive family history of IHD | 61 (24.5%) | 61 (24.5%) | 42 (23.2%) | 0.439 |
Angiographic characteristics | ||||
IRA: LAD/non-LAD | 121 (48.6%)/128 (51.5%) | 40 (58.8%)/28 (41.2%) | 81 (44.8%)/100 (55.2%) | 0.048 |
TIMI 0 flow in IRA before PCI | 144 (57.8%) | 45 (66.2%) | 99 (54.7%) | 0.102 |
TIMI 3 flow in IRA after PCI | 229 (92.0%) | 56 (82.4%) | 173 (95.6%) | 0.0006 |
Multivessel coronary artery disease | 143 (57.4%) | 41 (60.3%) | 102 (56.4%) | 0.5753 |
Stent implantation | 245 (98.4%) | 66 (97.1%) | 179 (98.9%) | 0.305 |
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor usage | 66 (26.5%) | 28 (41.2%) | 38 (21.2%) | 0.0016 |
Biochemical characteristics | ||||
Creatinine on admission (mg/dL) | 0.90 (0.81-1.06) | 0.93 (0.88-1.05) | 0.90 (0.80-1.06) | 0.618 |
eGFR calculated using the CKD-EPI formula (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 84.4 (74.1-94.5) | 84.4 (74.6-94.6) | 84.7 (73.4-94.5) | 0.869 |
Glucose on admission (mg/dL) | 138.5 (122.0-169.0) | 140.0 (122.0-170.0) | 136 (120.0-169.0) | 0.376 |
cTnImax (ng/mL) | 41.2 (11.8-50.0) | 50.0 (20.7-50.0) | 35.7 (10.5-50.0) | 0.012 |
CK-MBmax (U/L) | 242.0 (116.5-414.0) | 375.5 (162.0-612.0) | 207.0 (97.5-375.0) | 0.0002 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 223.0 (195.0-251.0) | 221.5 (196.0-244.0) | 224.0 (195.0-253.0) | 0.582 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 145.0 (125.0-173.0) | 146.5 (123.5-166.0) | 144.5(126.0-176.0) | 0.771 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.0 (46.0-59.0) | 53.0 (48.0-61.0) | 51.0(45.0-58.0) | 0.205 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 82.0 (59.0-128.0) | 85.0 (57.0-130.5) | 82.0(60.0-124.0) | 0.729 |
BNP on admission (pg/mL) | 53.9 (27.9-106.5) | 51.5 (26.8-102.2) | 55.3(28.6-114.6) | 0.854 |
BNP at discharge (pg/mL) | 139.8 (74.7-284.2) | 159.5 (82.5-396.4) | 125.9 (70.1-239.4) | 0.021 |
Medications prescribed at hospital discharge | ||||
Acetylsalicylic acid | 249 (100.0%) | 68 (100.0%) | 181 (100.0%) | N/A |
Clopidogrel | 249 (100.0%) | 68 (100.0%) | 181 (100.0%) | N/A |
Statin | 249 (100.0%) | 68 (100.0%) | 181 (100.0%) | N/A |
Beta blocker | 247 (99.2%) | 67 (98.5%) | 180 (98.9%) | 0.6772 |
ACEI or ARB | 249 (100.0%) | 68 (100.0%) | 181 (100.0%) | N/A |
Aldosterone antagonist | 25 (10.0%) | 8 (11.8%) | 17 (9.4%) | 0.5702 |
Diuretic | 24 (9.6%) | 9 (13.2%) | 15 (8.3%) | 0.3484 |
Variable | At Discharge (n = 249) | At 6 Months after Discharge (n = 249) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
LA (mm) | 40.0 (37.0-43.0) | 40.0 (38.0-44.0) | 0.000006 |
LVEDd (mm) | 49.0 (45.0-53.0) | 50.0 (46.0-54.0) | <0.000001 |
LVESd (mm) | 34.0 (30.0-37.0) | 34.0 (31.0-37.0) | 0.038 |
LVEDV (mL) | 99.4 (84.0-121.0) | 110.0 (94.0-134.0) | <0.000001 |
LVESV (mL) | 55.0 (45.0-69.0) | 57.0 (48.0-76.0) | <0.000001 |
LVEF (%) | 44.0 (39.0-48.4) | 46.0 (42.0-51.5) | <0.000001 |
LVSD (LVEF ≤ 40%) | 84.0 (33.7%) | 52.0 (20.9%) | <0.00001 |
WMSI (points) | 1.56 (1.38-1.75) | 1.44 (1.31-1.69) | <0.000001 |
Variable | Overall Study Population (n = 249) | Patients with LVR at 6 Months (n = 68) | Patients without LVR at 6 Months (n = 181) | p-Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Heart rate (BPM) | 75.0 (62.0-88.0) | 79.0 (64.5-89.0) | 74.0 (62.0-86.0) | 0.197 |
Anterior location of STEMI | 116 (47.0%) | 38 (55.9%) | 78 (43.1%) | 0.071 |
Number of leads with ST-segment elevation (n) | 4.0 (3.0-6.0) | 5.0 (3.0-6.0) | 4.0 (3.0-6.0) | 0.019 |
Sum of ST-segment elevation (mm) | 8.5 (4.0-14.0) | 9.5 (6.3-16.0) | 8.0 (4.0-13.5) | 0.014 |
Maximal ST-segment elevation (mm) | 3.0 (2.0-4.0) | 3.0 (2.0-5.0) | 3.0 (1.8-4.0) | 0.089 |
Number of leads with pathological Q waves (n) | 2.0 (1.0-4.0) | 3.0 (1.5-5.0) | 2.0 (1.0-3.0) | 0.004 |
Presence of reciprocal ST-segment depression ≥1mm | 193 (77.5%) | 50 (73.5%) | 143 (79.0%) | 0.356 |
QRS duration (ms) | 95.0 (85.0-100.0) | 93.0 (85.0-100.0) | 96.5 (87.5-102.0) | 0.170 |
Grade of ischemia according to Birnbaum and Sclarovsky | grade 2: 198(79.5%); grade 3: 51(20.5%) | grade 2: 53 (77.9%); grade 3: 15 (22.1%) | grade 2: 145 (80.1%); grade 3: 36 (19.9%) | 0.705 |
Variable | Beta Coefficient | Beta Coefficient Standard Error | Direction Component Beta | Direction Component Beta Standard Error | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1. Characteristics: R = 0.428; R2 = 0.183; corrected R2 = 0.173; p < 0.0001 | |||||
Intercept | 19.40 | 4.47 | <0.0001 | ||
IRA: LAD/non-LAD | 0.18 | 0.06 | 6.73 | 2.30 | 0.0037 |
Flow in IRA after PCI: TIMI 3 vs. TIMI < 3 | −0.23 | 0.06 | −15.91 | 4.09 | 0.0001 |
Number of leads with pathological Q waves | 0.22 | 0.06 | 1.83 | 0.54 | 0.0007 |
Model 2. Characteristics: R = 0.404; R2 = 0.163; corrected R2 = 0.153; p < 0.00001 | |||||
Intercept | −33.42 | 24.45 | 0.1729 | ||
Height (cm) | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.32 | 0.14 | 0.0284 |
Flow in IRA after PCI: TIMI 3 vs. TIMI < 3 | −0.29 | 0.06 | −19.91 | 4.05 | <0.0001 |
Number of leads with ST-segment elevation | 0.24 | 0.06 | 2.34 | 0.59 | 0.0001 |
Model 3. Characteristics: R = 0.417; R2 = 0.174; corrected R2 = 0.160; p < 0.00001 | |||||
Intercept | −26.80 | 24.37 | 0.2725 | ||
Height (cm) | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.0366 |
IRA: LAD/non-LAD | 0.17 | 0.07 | 6.42 | 2.46 | 0.0097 |
Flow in IRA after PCI: TIMI 3 vs. TIMI < 3 | −0.28 | 0.06 | −19.30 | 4.05 | <0.0001 |
Sum of ST-segment elevation (for a 1 mm increase) | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.32 | 0.16 | 0.0422 |
Model 4. Characteristics: R = 0.484; R2 = 0.235; corrected R2 = 0.220; p < 0.00001 | |||||
Intercept | −39.04 | 25.90 | 0.1332 | ||
Height (cm) | 0.14 | 0.06 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.0260 |
Flow in IRA after PCI: TIMI 3 vs. TIMI < 3 | −0.29 | 0.06 | −19.98 | 4.32 | <0.0001 |
Number of leads with ST-segment elevation | 0.18 | 0.06 | 1.77 | 0.65 | 0.0065 |
Number of leads with pathological Q waves | 0.20 | 0.07 | 1.74 | 0.58 | 0.0029 |
Model 5. Characteristics: R = 0.471; R2 = 0.222; corrected R2 = 0.209; p < 0.00001 | |||||
Intercept | −36.42 | 23.81 | 0.1275 | ||
Height (cm) | 0.13 | 0.06 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.0194 |
Flow in IRA after PCI: TIMI 3 vs. TIMI < 3 | −0.24 | 0.06 | −16.53 | 3.97 | <0.0001 |
IRA: LAD/non-LAD | 0.16 | 0.06 | 5.97 | 2.23 | 0.0079 |
CK-MBmax (for a 100 U/L increase) | 0.27 | 0.06 | 1.94 | 0.43 | <0.0001 |
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Kasprzak, M.; Fabiszak, T.; Koziński, M.; Kubica, J. Diagnostic Performance of Selected Baseline Electrocardiographic Parameters for Prediction of Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112405
Kasprzak M, Fabiszak T, Koziński M, Kubica J. Diagnostic Performance of Selected Baseline Electrocardiographic Parameters for Prediction of Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(11):2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112405
Chicago/Turabian StyleKasprzak, Michał, Tomasz Fabiszak, Marek Koziński, and Jacek Kubica. 2021. "Diagnostic Performance of Selected Baseline Electrocardiographic Parameters for Prediction of Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11: 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112405
APA StyleKasprzak, M., Fabiszak, T., Koziński, M., & Kubica, J. (2021). Diagnostic Performance of Selected Baseline Electrocardiographic Parameters for Prediction of Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(11), 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112405