Subgroups of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Disability: A Longitudinal Examination of Executive and Socio-Adaptive Behaviors in Adolescence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cluster Studies in Children with ASD, with and without Intellectual Disability
1.2. Studies of Developmental Outcomes for Clusters of Children with ASD
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Time 1. Severity of ASD Symptom Measures
2.2.2. Time 2. Follow-up Measures. Cognitive Outcomes
2.2.3. Time 2. Follow-up Measures. Socio-Adaptive Outcomes
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subgroups of Children with ASD without ID Based on the Severity of the Autism Symptoms at Baseline
3.2. Differences in Cognitive Outcomes at Follow-up Across the Subgroups of Adolescents with ASD without ID and Adolescents with TD
3.3. Differences in Social and Adaptive skills at Follow-up Across the Subgroups of Adolescents with ASD without ID and Adolescents with TD
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline | Follow-up | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Participants | ASD (n = 52) | TD (n = 37) | t/χ2 | ASD (n = 45) | TD (n = 27) | t/χ2 |
Age | 8.6 (1.3) | 8.5 (1.2) | −0.15 | 12.9 (0.9) | 12.7(1.0) | 0.65 |
Full IQ | 101.4 (12.6) | 102.1 (8.9) | 0.28 | 101.5 (12.9) | 101.1 (8.2) | −0.13 |
Vocabulary | 11.7 (2.7) | 12.9 (2.7) | 1.89 | 11.4 (2.9) | 12.3 (3.1) | 1.18 |
SCQ-Total | 22.9 (6.5) | 3.1 (2.7) | −17.4 * | 14.2 (5.2) | 2.6 (1.6) | −11.0 * |
ADI-R A | 13.4 (2.7) | |||||
ADI-R B | 8.9 (2.4) | |||||
ADI-R C | 4.7 (1.9) | |||||
Educational Support | 96.1% | 0.0% | 81.1 * | 77.7% | 7.4% | 33.4 * |
Gender (% Males) | 92.3% | 62.1% | 12.17 * | 91.1% | 66.6% | 6.81 * |
Medication (% yes) | 32.7% | 0.0% | 14.9 * | 40.0% | 0.0% | 14.4 * |
ASD Symptom Severity | Cluster 1 (n = 21) High Severity | Cluster 2 (n = 18) Moderate Severity | Cluster 3 (n = 13) Low RRBI Severity | F(2,49) | p | η2p | Tukey Post Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DSM-5 criteria A | 7.8 (1.1) | 6.5 (1.9) | 6.6 (1.1) | 4.26 | 0.02 * | 0.15 | 1 > 2 |
DSM-5 criteria B | 9.9 (1.6) | 9.1 (1.6) | 7.1 (1.1) | 13.98 | 0.00 ** | 0.36 | 1, 2 > 3 |
SCQ Social | 13.1 (2.1) | 7.0 (3.2) | 8.3 (1.6) | 32.90 | 0.00 ** | 0.57 | 1 > 2, 3 |
SCQ Comm | 9.5 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.7) | 7.0 (1.3) | 32.60 | 0.00 ** | 0.57 | 1 > 2, 3; 2 < 3 |
SCQ RRS | 5.4 (1.5) | 5.9 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.3) | 28.18 | 0.00 ** | 0.53 | 1, 2 > 3 |
Cognitive Outcomes | Cluster 1 (n = 18) High Severity | Cluster 2 (n = 16) Moderate Severity | Cluster 3 (n = 11) Low RRBI Severity | TD (n = 27) | F(3,68) | p | η2p | Tukey Post Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K-BIT IQ | 96.3 (10.5) | 105.3 (13.0) | 104.4 (14.3) | 101.1 (8.2) | 2.21 | 0.09 | 0.08 | n.s. |
B-Inhibition | 64.8 (16.0) | 61.5 (17.2) | 60.8 (13.5) | 48.1 (4.5) | 7.45 | 0.00 * | 0.24 | TD < 1, 2, 3 |
B-Shift | 75.1 (14.0) | 68.8 (16.1) | 64.9 (13.3) | 51.4 (7.6) | 14.61 | 0.00 * | 0.39 | TD < 1, 2, 3 |
B-Emotional C | 71.3 (20.8) | 65.8 (19.3) | 63.4 (16.8) | 50.5 (6.7) | 7.07 | 0.00 * | 0.23 | TD < 1, 2 |
B-Initiate | 66.6 (9.4) | 66.1 (7.8) | 57.0 (7.2) | 49.3 (5.9) | 25.57 | 0.00 * | 0.53 | TD < 1, 2, 3; 3 < 1, 2 |
B-Working M | 64.6 (12.9) | 62.5 (10.7) | 58.9 (13.9) | 49.3 (6.0) | 9.51 | 0.00 * | 0.29 | TD < 1, 2 |
B-Plan/Organize | 64.3 (13.2) | 60.1 (10.1) | 58.7 (12.8) | 49.2 (5.0) | 9.17 | 0.00 * | 0.28 | TD < 1, 2 |
B-Org Materials | 62.5 (16.4) | 60.7 (14.5) | 57.1 (14.8) | 48.2 (6.3) | 5.65 | 0.00 * | 0.20 | TD < 1, 2 |
B-Task Monitor | 67.4 (12.9) | 63.5 (13.1) | 60.1 (12.2) | 46.6 (5.8) | 16.19 | 0.00 * | 0.41 | TD < 1, 2, 3 |
Socio-Adaptive Outcomes | Cluster 1 (n = 18) High Severity | Cluster 2 (n = 16) Moderate Severity | Cluster 3 (n = 11) Low RRBI Severity | TD (n = 27) | F(3,67) | p | η2p | Tukey Post Hoc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peer Prob (SDQ) | 6.2 (1.4) | 6.1 (2.0) | 4.9 (1.5) | 0.7 (1.0) | 67.65 | 0.00 * | 0.75 | TD < 1, 2, 3 |
Prosocial (SDQ) | 5.6 (2.5) | 7.3 (1.9) | 8.0 (1.5) | 9.0 (1.1) | 12.51 | 0.00 * | 0.35 | TD > 1, 2; 1 < 3 |
SBSS | 33.0 (6.8) | 34.1 (11.2) | 36.5 (8.9) | 52.3 (7.3) | 25.55 | 0.00 * | 0.53 | TD > 1, 2, 3 |
ToMI-Advanced | 8.9 (3.5) | 9.7 (3.5) | 10.1 (2.6) | 17.4 (1.7) | 54.65 | 0.00 * | 0.71 | TD > 1, 2, 3 |
Social (VABS) | 74.1 (5.1) | 78.0 (3.0) | 79.9 (7.0) | 100 (10.1) | 61.97 | 0.00 * | 0.73 | TD > 1, 2, 3; 3, 2 > 1 |
Daily LS (VABS) | 77.1 (3.9) | 84.0 (5.3) | 84.9 (6.0) | 98.6 (5.9) | 54.79 | 0.00 * | 0.71 | TD > 1, 2, 3; 3, 2 > 1 |
EPPSE | 20.5 (5.4) | 24.6 (5.7) | 26.4 (6.3) | 27.7 (3.8) | 7.25 | 0.00 * | 0.24 | TD > 1; 3 > 1 |
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Rosello, R.; Berenguer, C.; Martinez-Raga, J.; Miranda, A.; Cortese, S. Subgroups of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Disability: A Longitudinal Examination of Executive and Socio-Adaptive Behaviors in Adolescence. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2220. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102220
Rosello R, Berenguer C, Martinez-Raga J, Miranda A, Cortese S. Subgroups of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Disability: A Longitudinal Examination of Executive and Socio-Adaptive Behaviors in Adolescence. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(10):2220. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102220
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosello, Rocio, Carmen Berenguer, Jose Martinez-Raga, Ana Miranda, and Samuele Cortese. 2021. "Subgroups of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Disability: A Longitudinal Examination of Executive and Socio-Adaptive Behaviors in Adolescence" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10: 2220. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102220