Virologic Response to Very Early HIV Treatment in Neonates
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n = 61 |
---|---|
Infant sex, n (%) | |
Male | 31 (50.8) |
Female | 30 (49.2) |
Birth weight (g), Mean (SD) | 2766 (629) |
Birth weight (g), n (%) | |
<2500 | 15 (24.6) |
≥2500 | 46 (75.4) |
Gestational age (weeks), n (%) | |
≥37 (term) | 51 (83.6) |
<37 (pre-term) | 10 (16.4) |
Mode of delivery, n (%) | |
Vaginal | 46 (75.4) |
Cesarean | 15 (24.6) |
Infant ever breastfed, n (%) | |
Yes | 46 (75.4) |
No | 15 (24.6) |
Infant age at ART initiation, n (%) | |
0–48 h | 35 (57.4) |
>48 h–7 days | 18 (29.5) |
8–14 days | 8 (13.1) |
Infant pre-treatment HIV RNA (copies/mL), Median (IQR) | 19,400 (1720–240,810) |
Infant pre-treatment viral load (copies/mL), n (%) | |
<1000 | 13 (22.8) |
1000–100,000 | 25 (43.9) |
≥100,000 | 19 (33.3) |
Infant pre-treatment CD4 count (cells/mm3), Mean (SD) | 1990 (995) |
Infant pre-treatment CD4 percentage (%), Mean (SD) | 41.1 (13.2) |
Infant pre-treatment CD4 percentage (%), n (%) | |
<30 | 12 (24.0) |
≥30 | 38 (76.0) |
Mother’s age (years), Mean (SD) | 28.8 (6.1) |
Maternal ART during pregnancy, n (%) | |
ART started before pregnancy and continued | 10 (16.4) |
ART started during pregnancy | 40 (65.6) |
No ART up until delivery | 11 (18.0) |
Maternal HIV RNA closest to birth (copies/mL), Median (IQR) | 29,800 (1163–121,000) |
Maternal HIV RNA closest to birth (copies/mL), n (%) | |
<1000 | 14 (23.0) |
≥1000 | 47 (77.1) |
Maternal CD4 count closest to birth (cells/mm3), Mean (SD) | 377 (264) |
Maternal CD4 count closest to birth (cells/mm3), n (%) | |
<350 | 36 (59.0) |
≥350 | 25 (41.0) |
Characteristic | Virologic Success | Virologic Rebound | Virologic Failure | P1 | P2 | P3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 33 | n = 13 | n = 15 | Trend | S vs. R | S vs. F | |
Infant age at ART initiation (days), Mean (SD) | 2.9 (2.8) | 2.5 (2.9) | 4.9 (4.4) | 0.09 | 0.61 | 0.07 |
Infant age at ART initiation (days), Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–5.0) | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 4.0 (1.0–8.0) | 0.43 | 0.59 | 0.26 |
Infant age at ART initiation, n (%) | 0.24 | 0.48 | 0.26 | |||
0–48 h | 19 (57.6) | 10 (76.9) | 6 (40.0) | |||
>48 h–7 days | 11 (33.3) | 2 (15.4) | 5 (33.3) | |||
8–14 days | 3 (9.1) | 1 (7.7) | 4 (26.7) | |||
Infant sex, n (%) | 0.73 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Male | 16 (48.5) | 7 (53.9) | 8 (53.3) | |||
Female | 17 (51.5) | 6 (46.1) | 7 (46.7) | |||
Birth weight (g), Mean (SD) | 2759 (607) | 2754 (757) | 2795 (601) | 0.87 | 0.98 | 0.85 |
Birth weight (g), n (%) | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.73 | |||
<2500 | 9 (27.3) | 3 (23.1) | 3 (20.0) | |||
≥2500 | 24 (72.7) | 10 (76.9) | 12 (80.0) | |||
Gestational age (weeks), n (%) | 0.69 | 1.00 | 0.69 | |||
<37 (pre-term) | 5 (15.1) | 2 (15.4) | 3 (20.0) | |||
≥37 (term) | 28 (84.9) | 11 (84.6) | 12 (80.0) | |||
Mode of delivery, n (%) | 0.58 | 1.00 | 0.73 | |||
Vaginal | 24 (72.7) | 10 (76.9) | 12 (80.0) | |||
Cesarean | 9 (27.3) | 3 (23.1) | 3 (20.0) | |||
Infant ever breastfed, n (%) | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.28 | |||
Yes | 27 (81.8) | 9 (69.2) | 10 (66.7) | |||
No | 6 (18.2) | 4 (30.8) | 5 (33.3) | |||
Infant pre-treatment viral load (copies/mL), Median (IQR) | 11,909 (1124–48,905) | 9849 (436–136,045) | 189,250 (30,368–391,000) | 0.07 | 0.73 | 0.02 |
Infant pre-treatment viral load (copies/mL), n (%) | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.10 | |||
<1000 | 7 (23.3) | 5 (38.5) | 1 (7.1) | |||
1000–100,000 | 16 (53.3) | 4 (30.8) | 5 (35.7) | |||
≥100,000 | 7 (23.3) | 4 (30.8) | 8 (57.1) | |||
Infant pre-treatment CD4 count (cells/mm3), Mean (SD) | 2049 (1158) | 1632 (698) | 2233 (777) | 0.85 | 0.26 | 0.63 |
Infant pre-treatment CD4 percentage (%), Mean (SD) | 40.1 (13.6) | 38.9 (14.1) | 45.9 (10.9) | 0.30 | 0.79 | 0.22 |
Infant pre-treatment CD4 percentage (%), n (%) | 0.04 | 0.72 | 0.04 | |||
<30 | 9 (33.3) | 3 (25.0) | 0 | |||
≥30 | 18 (66.7) | 9 (75.0) | 11 (100.0) | |||
Maternal ART during pregnancy, n (%) | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.14 | |||
Any ART | 24 (72.7) | 12 (92.3) | 14 (93.3) | |||
No ART up until delivery | 9 (27.3) | 1 (7.7) | 1 (6.7) | |||
Among those on any ART during pregnancy, maternal viral load closest to birth (copies/mL), n (%) | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.08 | |||
<1000 | 7 (29.2) | 6 (50.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
≥1000 | 17 (70.8) | 6 (50.0) | 14 (100.0) | |||
Maternal CD4 count closest to birth (cells/mm3), Mean (SD) | 399 (271) | 391 (328) | 317 (178) | 0.35 | NA | NA |
Maternal CD4 count closest to birth (cells/mm3), n (%) | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.03 | |||
<350 | 15 (45.5) | 9 (69.2) | 12 (80.0) | |||
≥350 | 18 (54.5) | 4 (30.8) | 3 (20.0) |
Factor | Category | <400 | <50 | <TND |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infant age at ART initiation (days) | Continuous | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) |
Infant age at ART initiation | 0–48 h | - | 2.46 (0.94, 6.45) | 1.12 (0.36, 3.50) |
>48 h–7 days | - | 2.18 (0.89, 6.03) | 0.71 (0.18, 2.84) | |
8–14 days | - | Ref. | Ref. | |
Sex | Male | 0.78 (0.46, 1.31) | 0.84 (0.48, 1.47) | 0.66 (0.35, 1.24) |
Female | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Birth weight (grams) | <2500 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
≥2500 | 0.82 (0.45, 1.51) | 0.78 (0.41, 1.48) | 0.68 (0.35, 1.35) | |
Gestational age (weeks) | <37 (pre-term) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
≥37 (term) | 1.02 (0.50, 2.08) | 1.07 (0.50, 2.28) | 0.88 (0.39, 2.00) | |
Mode of delivery | Vaginal | 0.77 (0.42, 1.41) | 0.92 (0.48, 1.76) | 0.78 (0.39, 1.56) |
Cesarean | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Infant breastfeeding | Ever breastfed | 0.86 (0.47, 1.58) | 1.20 (0.61, 2.35) | 1.01 (0.49, 2.08) |
Not breastfed | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Infant pre-treatment HIV-1 RNA viral load (copies/mL) | <1000 | 5.93 (2.71, 12.95) | 3.00 (1.36, 6.61) | 3.44 (1.42, 8.34) |
1000–100,000 | 2.20 (1.13, 4.26) | 1.70 (0.84, 3.43) | 1.73 (0.76, 3.92) | |
≥100,000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Infant CD4 percentage (%) | <30 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
>30 | 1.25 (0.64, 2.47) | 0.80 (0.40, 1.60) | 1.12 (0.50, 2.52) | |
Maternal ART during pregnancy | Any ART | 0.59 (0.30, 1.15) | 0.58 (0.29, 1.17) | 0.46 (0.22, 0.97) |
No ART up until delivery | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Among those on any ART during pregnancy, maternal viral load closest to birth (copies/mL) | <1000 | 3.12 (1.59, 6.14) | 3.57 (1.76, 7.23) | 1.64 (0.75, 3.60) |
≥1000 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | |
Maternal CD4 count closest to birth (cells/mm3) | <350 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
≥350 | 1.46 (0.85, 2.52) | 2.31 (1.29, 4.12) | 1.81 (0.97, 3.39) |
Characteristic | Group = 1 Rapid Decline | Group = 2 Slow Decline | Group = 3 Persistently High | P1 | P2 | P3 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 18 (29.5%) | n = 29 (47.5%) | n = 14 (23.0%) | Trend | 1 vs. 2 | 1 vs. 3 | |
Infant age at ART initiation (days), Mean (SD) | 2.7 (2.4) | 2.4 (2.7) | 6.0 (4.4) | 0.008 | 0.78 | 0.01 |
Infant age at ART initiation (days), Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–5.0) | 1.0 (1.0–4.0) | 6.0 (1.0–9.0) | 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.04 |
Infant age at ART initiation, n (%) | 0.03 | 0.44 | 0.09 | |||
0–48 h | 10 (55.6) | 21 (72.4) | 4 (28.6) | |||
>48 h–7 days | 7 (38.9) | 6 (20.7) | 5 (35.7) | |||
8–14 days | 1 (5.6) | 2 (6.9) | 5 (35.7) | |||
Infant sex, n (%) | 0.47 | 0.19 | 0.53 | |||
Male | 7 (38.9) | 17 (58.6) | 7 (50.0) | |||
Female | 11 (61.1) | 12 (41.4) | 7 (50.0) | |||
Birth weight (g), Mean (SD) | 2814 (645) | 2798 (610) | 2639 (677) | 0.46 | 0.93 | 0.46 |
Birth weight (g), n (%) | 0.68 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
<2500 | 5 (27.8) | 7 (24.1) | 3 (21.4) | |||
≥2500 | 13 (72.2) | 22 (75.9) | 11 (78.6) | |||
Gestational age (weeks), n (%) | 0.87 | 0.40 | 1.0 | |||
<37 (pre-term) | 4 (22.2) | 3 (1.3) | 3 (21.4) | |||
≥37 (term) | 14 (77.8) | 26 (89.7) | 11 (78.6) | |||
Mode of delivery, n (%) | 0.41 | 1.0 | 0.43 | |||
Vaginal | 13 (72.2) | 21 (72.4) | 12 (85.7) | |||
Cesarean | 5 (27.8) | 8 (27.6) | 2 (14.3) | |||
Infant ever breastfed, n (%) | 0.22 | 0.72 | 0.25 | |||
Yes | 15 (83.3) | 22 (75.9) | 9 (64.3) | |||
No | 3 (16.7) | 7 (24.1) | 5 (35.7) | |||
Infant pre-treatment viral load (copies/mL), Median (IQR) | 9070 | 11,600 | 290,807 | 0.0007 | 0.56 | 0.0002 |
(525–43,150) | (901–136,045) | (43,300–1,660,225) | ||||
Infant pre-treatment viral load (copies/mL), n (%) | 0.02 | 0.47 | 0.005 | |||
<1000 | 4 (26.7) | 9 (31.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
1000–100,000 | 9 (60.0) | 12 (41.4) | 4 (30.8) | |||
≥100,000 | 2 (13.3) | 8 (27.6) | 9 (69.2) | |||
Infant pre-treatment CD4 count (cells/mm3), Mean (SD) | 2619 (1094) | 1650 (844) | 1962 (864) | 0.07 | 0.004 | 0.12 |
Infant pre-treatment CD4 percentage (%), Mean (SD) | 49.4 (10.9) | 36.6 (13.0) | 40.8 (11.9) | 0.07 | 0.003 | 0.07 |
Infant pre-treatment CD4 percentage (%), n (%) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 1.0 | |||
<30 | 1 (7.1) | 10 (40.0) | 1 (9.1) | |||
≥30 | 13 (92.9) | 15 (60.0) | 10 (90.9) | |||
Maternal ART during pregnancy, n (%) | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.01 | |||
Any ART | 11 (61.1) | 25 (86.2) | 14 (100.0) | |||
No ART up until delivery | 7 (38.9) | 4 (13.8) | 0 (0.0) | |||
Among those on any ART during pregnancy, maternal viral load closest to birth (copies/mL), n (%) | 0.03 | 1.0 | 0.05 | |||
<1000 | 4 (36.4) | 9 (36.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
≥1000 | 7 (63.6) | 16 (64.0) | 14 (100.0) | |||
Maternal CD4 count closest to birth (cells/mm3), Mean (SD) | 460 (250) | 367 (287) | 291 (209) | 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.05 |
Maternal CD4 count closest to birth (cells/mm3), n (%) | 0.005 | 0.006 | 0.004 | |||
<350 | 5 (27.8) | 20 (69.0) | 11 (78.) | |||
≥350 | 13 (72.2) | 9 (31.0) | 3 (21.4) |
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Shiau, S.; Strehlau, R.; Shen, Y.; He, Y.; Patel, F.; Burke, M.; Abrams, E.J.; Tiemessen, C.T.; Wang, S.; Kuhn, L. Virologic Response to Very Early HIV Treatment in Neonates. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102074
Shiau S, Strehlau R, Shen Y, He Y, Patel F, Burke M, Abrams EJ, Tiemessen CT, Wang S, Kuhn L. Virologic Response to Very Early HIV Treatment in Neonates. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2021; 10(10):2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102074
Chicago/Turabian StyleShiau, Stephanie, Renate Strehlau, Yanhan Shen, Yun He, Faeezah Patel, Megan Burke, Elaine J. Abrams, Caroline T. Tiemessen, Shuang Wang, and Louise Kuhn. 2021. "Virologic Response to Very Early HIV Treatment in Neonates" Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 10: 2074. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10102074