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Membranes
Volume 15
Issue 4
10.3390/membranes15040116
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Article

Ultrapure Water Production by a Saline Industrial Effluent Treatment

by
Adriana Hernández Miraflores
1,
Karina Hernández Gómez
1,
Claudia Muro
1,*,
María Claudia Delgado Hernández
1,
Vianney Díaz Blancas
1,
Jesús Álvarez Sánchez
2 and
German Eduardo Devora Isordia
2
1
Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Toluca, Av. Tecnológico S/N, Col. Agrícola Bellavista, Metepec 52149, Mexico
2
Departamento de Ciencias del Agua y Medio Ambiente, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, 5 de febrero 818 sur Col. Centro, Cd Obregón 85000, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Membranes 2025, 15(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040116
Submission received: 22 February 2025 / Revised: 31 March 2025 / Accepted: 4 April 2025 / Published: 7 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Removing Challenging Pollutants from Wastewater: Effective Approaches)
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Abstract

A membrane system was applied for ultrapure water production from the treatment of saline effluent from the canned food industry. The industrial effluent presented a high saline concentration, including sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfates, and magnesium. The effluent was treated using a system of reverse osmosis (RO) and a post-treatment process consisting of ion exchange resins (IEXRs). The RO was accompanied by the addition of a hexametaphosphate dose (2, 6, and 10 mg/L) as an antiscalant to avoid the RO membrane scaling by minerals. In turn, IEXRs were used for water deionization to produce ultrapure water with a reduced concentration of monovalent ions. The antiscalant dose was 6 mg/L, producing clean water from RO permeates with an efficiency of 65–70%. The brine from RO was projected for its reuse in food industry processes. The clean water quality from RO showed 20% total dissolved solids (TDS) removal (equivalent to salts). The antiscalant inhibited the formation of calcium salt incrustation > 200 mg/L, showing low fouling. In turn, anionic resins removed 99.8% of chloride ions, whereas the monovalent salts were removed by a mix of cationic–anionic resin, producing ultrapure water with electrical conductivity < 3.3 µS/cm. The cost of ultrapure water production was 2.62 USD/m3.
Keywords: desalination; reverse osmosis; water recovery; ion exchange resins; antiscalant; deionized water desalination; reverse osmosis; water recovery; ion exchange resins; antiscalant; deionized water

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MDPI and ACS Style

Miraflores, A.H.; Gómez, K.H.; Muro, C.; Hernández, M.C.D.; Blancas, V.D.; Álvarez Sánchez, J.; Isordia, G.E.D. Ultrapure Water Production by a Saline Industrial Effluent Treatment. Membranes 2025, 15, 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040116

AMA Style

Miraflores AH, Gómez KH, Muro C, Hernández MCD, Blancas VD, Álvarez Sánchez J, Isordia GED. Ultrapure Water Production by a Saline Industrial Effluent Treatment. Membranes. 2025; 15(4):116. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040116

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miraflores, Adriana Hernández, Karina Hernández Gómez, Claudia Muro, María Claudia Delgado Hernández, Vianney Díaz Blancas, Jesús Álvarez Sánchez, and German Eduardo Devora Isordia. 2025. "Ultrapure Water Production by a Saline Industrial Effluent Treatment" Membranes 15, no. 4: 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040116

APA Style

Miraflores, A. H., Gómez, K. H., Muro, C., Hernández, M. C. D., Blancas, V. D., Álvarez Sánchez, J., & Isordia, G. E. D. (2025). Ultrapure Water Production by a Saline Industrial Effluent Treatment. Membranes, 15(4), 116. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040116

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