Novel MXene-Modified Polyphenyl Sulfone Membranes for Functional Nanofiltration of Heavy Metals-Containing Wastewater
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methodologies
2.1. Materials
2.2. Nanocomposite Membrane Fabrication
2.3. Nanocomposite Membrane Characterization
2.4. Performance Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. MXene-Modified Nanocomposite Membranes
3.2. Performance Evaluation of MXene-Modified Nanocomposite Membranes
3.2.1. Pure Water Flux (PWF) of the Nanocomposite Membranes
3.2.2. Potential Separation of Nanocomposite Membranes
3.2.3. Fouling Behavior of Nanocomposite Membranes
3.2.4. Comparison Study
4. Limitations of MXene Modified Membranes
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
2D | two dimensions |
PPSU | polyphenyl sulfone |
AFM | stomic force microscopy |
SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
FTIR | Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy |
Wt.% | weight percentage |
Cu2+ | copper ions |
Cd2+ | cadmium ions |
Pd2+ | lead ions |
0D | zero dimension |
1D | one dimension |
PVDF | polyvinylidene fluoride |
TiO2 | titanium dioxide |
O | oxygen |
OH | hydroxyl |
F | fluorine |
MgCl2 | magnesium chloride |
NaCl | sodium chloride |
Cl− | chloride ion |
NO3− | nitrates ions |
g-C3N4 | graphitic Carbon Nitride |
Cr6+ | chromium ions |
NF | nanofiltration |
DMAC | dimethyl acetamide |
PVP | polyvinylpyrrolidone |
Ti3C2Tx | MXene |
Cu (NO3)2·3H2O | copper nitrate trihydrate |
Cd (NO3)2·4H2O | cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate |
Pb(NO3)2 | lead (II) nitrate |
DI | deionized |
ρ | porosity of membrane (%) |
Wwet | wet membrane weight (g) |
Wdry | dry membrane weight (g) |
Dw | density of water (0.998 g/cm3) |
Dp | density of PPSU polymer (1.3 g/cm3) |
rm | mean pore radius |
μ | water viscosity (0.00089 Pa·s) |
h | membrane thickness (m) |
Jw | water flux (m3/m2·s) |
∆P | differential pressure |
Rq | root mean square roughness |
Ra | the average roughness |
Jw | water flux (L/m2·h) |
V | permeated water volume (L), |
Δt | the measurement period (h), |
A | membrane area (m2). |
R%: | retention percentage |
Cp | solute concentration in the permeate |
Cf | solute concentration in the feed. |
J0 | initial water flux of control membrane |
J1 | solute flux of heavy metal ions |
J2 | water flux of fouled membrane after cleaning |
CA | Contact angle |
PES | Polyethersulfone |
PWF | Pure water flux |
References
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Membrane ID | PPSU wt.% | PVP wt.% | DMAC wt.% | MXene (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ctrl-M | 20 | 2 | 78 | 0 |
0.1-M | 20 | 2 | 78 | 0.1 |
0.3-M | 20 | 2 | 78 | 0.3 |
0.6-M | 20 | 2 | 78 | 0.6 |
1-M | 20 | 2 | 78 | 1 |
1.5-M | 20 | 2 | 78 | 1.5 |
Membrane ID | Ra | Rq |
---|---|---|
Ctrl-M | 56.75 | 89.3 |
0.1-M | 20.52 | 30.85 |
0.3-M | 23.4 | 36.03 |
0.6-M | 20.95 | 32 |
1.0-M | 27.32 | 44.64 |
1.5-M | 23.9 | 37.13 |
Type of Modification | Application | Flux (LMH) | Rejection (%) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
PVDF/APTES functionalized halloysite-Magnetic graphene oxide/metformin | Aqueous solution Cu2+ Cd2+ Cr2+ | 14.2 | Cu2+ = 47.9% Cd2+ = 44.2% Cr2+ = 52.3% | [62] |
Dual layer polybenzimidazole/PES | Aqueous solution Cr2+ Pb2+ Cd2+ | 8.3 | Cr2+ = 98% Pb2+ = 93% Cd2+ = 70% | [63] |
NF270 | Pb(NO3)2/Cd(NO3)2 aqueous solution | - | Cd2+ = 99% Pb2+ = 74% | [60] |
(PEI) cross-linked P84 | Pb(NO3)2 aqueous solution | - | Pb2+ = 91.05% | [64] |
TFC-NF300 polyamide thin film | CdCl2; NiSO4 aqueous solution | - | Cd2+ = 80% Ni2+ = 97% | [65] |
cellulose acetate (CA) NF-23 | Cd(NO3)2 | - | Cd2+ = 84% | [66] |
PES hollow fiber | Ternary aqueous solution Pb2+ Cd2+ Co2+ | 16.4 37.9 16.6 | Pb2+ = 40% Cd2+ = 48.3% Co2+ = 50.5% | [67] |
PES hollow fiber | Binary aqueous solution Pb2+ Co2+ Cd2+ | - | Pb2+ = 60.3% Co2+ = 58% Cd2+ = 44.5% | [68] |
PPSU NF bulk modification MXene-modified | Wastewater | 11.1 | 97% for copper, 93.4% for cadmium, and 93% for lead | This work |
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Naji, M.A.; Salimi-Kenari, H.; Alsalhy, Q.F.; Al-Juboori, R.A.; Huynh, N.; Rashid, K.T.; Salih, I.K. Novel MXene-Modified Polyphenyl Sulfone Membranes for Functional Nanofiltration of Heavy Metals-Containing Wastewater. Membranes 2023, 13, 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030357
Naji MA, Salimi-Kenari H, Alsalhy QF, Al-Juboori RA, Huynh N, Rashid KT, Salih IK. Novel MXene-Modified Polyphenyl Sulfone Membranes for Functional Nanofiltration of Heavy Metals-Containing Wastewater. Membranes. 2023; 13(3):357. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030357
Chicago/Turabian StyleNaji, Mohammed Azeez, Hamed Salimi-Kenari, Qusay F. Alsalhy, Raed A. Al-Juboori, Ngoc Huynh, Khalid T. Rashid, and Issam K. Salih. 2023. "Novel MXene-Modified Polyphenyl Sulfone Membranes for Functional Nanofiltration of Heavy Metals-Containing Wastewater" Membranes 13, no. 3: 357. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030357