Hesitant or Not Hesitant? A Systematic Review on Global COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Different Populations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Study Sample Characteristics
3.2. Anti-COVID19 Vaccine Acceptance Rate in the General Population and in Specific Target Populations
3.2.1. General Population
3.2.2. Specific Populations
3.3. Differences among WHO Regional Areas: General Population and HCWs
4. Discussion
4.1. Gender Distribution
4.2. Health Care Workers
4.3. Patients Affected by Specific Diseases
4.4. Surveys Administration Setting
4.5. Geographical Distribution
4.6. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WHO Region | Author | State | Data Collection | Study Design | Age (Mean or Most Represented Age Group) | Participants (n) | Males (%) | Ethnicity | Target Population | Setting | Confidence Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Americas | |||||||||||
Fisher KA et al. [9] | US | 16–20 April 2020 | CS | 48 | 991 | 48.5 | Yes | Adults | Panelist | 57.6 | |
Guidry JPD et al. [10] | US | July 2020 | CS | 46 | 788 | 50.0 | Yes | Adults | Online | 59.9 | |
Ruiz JB et al. [11] | US | 15–16 June 2020 | CS | n.a. | 804 | 46.4 | Yes | Adults | Panelist | 62.2 | |
Callaghan T et al. [12] | US | 28 May–8 June 2020 | CS | 45 | 5009 | 49.5 | Yes | Adults | Survey Platform | 67.7 | |
Meyer MN et al. [13] | US | December 2020 | CS | 43 | 16,292 | n.a. | No | HCWs | 55.3 | ||
Kreps S et al. [14] | US | July 2020 | CS | 43 | 1971 | 49.3 | No | Adults | Online | 56.0 | |
Bogart LM et al. [15] | US | May–July 2020 | CS | 50 | 101 | 87.0 | Yes | Black americans; HIV+ | Online | 46.0 | |
Reiter PL et al. [16] | US | May 2020 | CS | n.a. | 2006 | 43.3 | Yes | Adults | Online | 69.0 | |
Khubchandani J et al. [17] | US | June 2020 | CS | n.a. | 1878 | 48.5 | Yes | Adults | Online | 79 | |
Meier BP et al. [18] | US | 28–30 October 2020 | CS | 45 | 1072 | 47.9 | No | Adults | Online | 70.0 | |
Graupensperger S et al. [19] | US | 2–13 November 2020 | CS | 20 | 647 | 35.2 | Yes | Students | Online | 91.6 | |
Salmon DA et al. [20] | US | n.a. | CS | n.a. | 2525 | 48.2 | Yes | Adults | Online | 50.0 | |
Ehde DM et al. [21] | US | 10 April–6 May 2020 | CS | n.a. | 486 | 17.3 | Yes | Adults with Multiple Sclerosis | Online | 84.5 | |
Pogue K et al. [22] | US | n.a. | CS | n.a. | 316 | 50.3 | Yes | Adults | Online | 68.6 | |
Daly M et al. [23] | US | 1 April–31 October 2020 | LS | 47 | 7547 | 47.9 | Yes | Adults | Online | 71.0 (April 2020); 53.6 (October 2020) | |
Allen JD et al. [24] | US | 13 April–8 June 2020 | CS | 27–45 | 396 | 0 | Yes | Women aged 27–45 | Online | 56.8 | |
Latkin C et al. [25] | US | 1st survey 24–27 March 2020, 2nd survey 5–14 May 2020, 3rd survey 22–23 July 2020 | LS | n.a. | 592 | 44.0 | Yes | Adults | Online | 59.1 | |
Malik AA et al. [26] | US | May 2020 | CS | n.a. | 672 | 43.0 | Yes | Adults | Online | 67.0 | |
Manning ML et al. [27] | US | 10 August–14 September 2020 | CS | n.a. | 1212 | 28.0 | Yes | Nurses; Nursing Students | Online | 60.0 (Full-time faculty); 45.0 (Adjunct faculty and students) | |
Schrading WA et al. [28] | US | 4 January 2021 | LS | 30–39 | 1398 | 35.0 | Yes | HCWs | Hospital | 86.0 | |
Caban-Martinez AJ et al. [29] | US | 1–31 October 2020 | CS | 40–49 | 3169 | 91.3 | Yes | Firefighters; HCWs | Online | 48.2 | |
Shekhar R et al. [30] | US | 7 October–9 November 2020 | CS | 31–40 | 3479 | 24.8 | Yes | HCWs | Online | 36.0 | |
Rungkitwattanakul D et al. [31] | US | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. | 90 | 60.0 | Yes | Adults on dyalisis | Hospital | 49.0 | |
Mellis AM et al. [32] | US | 10–27 September 2020 | n.a. | 43 | 87 | 46.0 | No | Adults with Substance Use Disorders | Telephone; Video-conferencing | 45.0 (Immediate readiness); 8.0 (Readiness after a delay) | |
Amin DP et al. [33] | US | 11–23 January 2021 | CS | 41–50 | 240 | 43.0 | Yes | HCWs | Online | 92.0 | |
Kuter BJ et al. [34] | US | November–December 2020 | CS | na. | 12,034 | 21.0 | Yes | HCWs | 63.7 | ||
Unroe KT et al. [35] | US | 14–17 November 2020 | CS | 41–60 | 8243 | 12.6 | Yes | HCWs | Text message; E-mail | 45.0 | |
Gatwood J et al. [36] | US | 3–8 June 2020 | CS | 25–44 | 1000 | 49.0 | Yes | Adults | Online | 54.1 | |
Lucia VC et al. [37] | US | n.a. | CS | n.a. | 168 | 43 | No | Medical students | Online | 98.0 | |
Pamplona G et al. [38] | US | 13–21 January 2021 | n.a. | n.a. | 157 | n.a. | No | HCWs | Hospital and Home-care | 96.2 | |
Kociolek LK et al. [39] | US | 21 December 2020–13 January 2021 | CS | ≤40 | 4448 | 17.0 | Yes | HCWs | 59.8 | ||
Gadoth A et al. [40] | US | 24 September–16 October 2020 | CS | 30–49 | 540 | 28.3 | Yes | HCWs | Hospital | 33.2 (Immediately); 65.5 (After a delay) | |
Shaw J et al. [41] | US | 23 November–5 December | CS | 42 | 5287 | 27.2 | Yes | Adults | Hospital | 57.5 | |
CastañedaasVasquez DE et al. [42] | Mexico | October–December 2020 | CS | 21 (median age) | 543 | 32.8 | Yes | HCWs | Online | 94.5 | |
Taylor S et al. [43] | US; Canada | 6–19 May 2020 | CS | 53 | 3674 | 57.0 | Yes | Adults | Online | 80.0 (Canadians); 75.0 (U.S.) | |
Europe | |||||||||||
Williams L et al. [44] | UK | April 2020 | CS | 70 (older adults), 43 (participants with chronic respiratory patologies) | 527 | 43.3 | No | Elderly with chronic respiratory diseases | Online | 85.6 | |
Jackson SE et al. [45] | UK | 7 September–5 October 2020 | CS | n.a. | 28,629 | n.a. | No | Adults | Online | 65.8 (Non-smokers); 66.0 (Ex-smokers) e 50.9 (Smokers) | |
Williams L et al. [46] | UK | 1st survey: 20 May 12 June 2020, 2nd survey: August 2020 | LS | n.a. | 3436 (1); 2016 (2) | 19.4 (1); 17.6 (2) | Yes | Adults | Online | 74.0 (1); 78.0 (2) | |
Sherman SM et al. [47] | UK | 14–17 July 2020 | CS | 46 | 1,5 | 49.0 | Yes | Adults | Online | 64.0 | |
Freeman D et al. [48] | UK | 24 September–17 October | CS | 47 | 5114 | 50.3 | Yes | n.a. | Online | 71.7 | |
Batty GD et al. [49] | UK | 4 November 2020 | LS | 53 | 11,955 | n.a. | No | n.a. | Outpatient | 82.8 | |
Robertson E et al. [50] | UK | 24 November–1 December 2020 | LS | 55–64 | 12,035 | 38.8 | Yes | Households | Online | 82 | |
Gagneux-Brunon A et al. [51] | France | 26 March–2 July 2020 | CS | 30–49 | 2047 | 26.0 | No | HCWs | Social Media; E-mail; Hospital Website and Written Surveys | 76.9 | |
Ward JK et al. [52] | France | April 2020 | CS | 35–64 | 5018 | 56.6 | No | Adults | Panelist | 76.0 | |
Detoc M et al. [53] | France | 26 March–20 April 2020 | CS | 30–49 | 3656 | 32.6 | No | Adults | Social Media; E-mail; Hospital Website and Written Surveys | 77.6 | |
Montagni I et al. [54] | France | 8–11 May 2020 | CS | 28 | 1644 | 21.5 | No | Adults | Online | 70.5 | |
Barrière J et al. [55] | France | 11 November–12 December 2020 | CS | 67 (median) | 536 | 44.0 | No | Oncological patients | Outpatient | 53.7 | |
Green MS et al. [56] | Israel | October 2020 | CS | n.a. | 957 | 45.0 | Yes | Adults older than 30 | Panelist | 59.0–92.3 | |
Dror AA et al. [57] | Israel | March 2020 | CS | n.a. | 1941 | n.a. | No | HCWs; Adults | Online | 75.0 | |
Zigron A et al. [58] | Israel | March–April 2020 | CS | n.a. | 506 | 43.0 | No | Dentists | Online | 85.0 | |
La Vecchia C et al. [59] | Italy | 16–28 September 2020 | CS | ≥55 | 1055 | 48.2 | No | Adults | Panelist | 53.7 | |
Prati G et al. [60] | Italy | April 2020 | CS | 32 | 624 | 46.0 | Yes | Adults | E-mail; Online; Social Media | 75.8 | |
Barello S et al. [61] | Italy | n.a. | CS | 23 | 934 | 20.4 | No | University students | 86.1 | ||
Di Gennaro F et al. [62] | Italy | October 2020 | CS | 36 | 1723 | 47.0 | No | HCWs | Online | 67.0 | |
Graffigna G et al. [63] | Italy | n.a. | CS | 44 | 1004 | 49.0 | No | Adults | Online | 58.6 | |
Gerussi V et al. [64] | Italy | September–November 2020 | CS | 53 | 599 | 46.6 | No | Adults SARS-CoV-2 positive | Telephone | 40.9 | |
Pastorino R et al. [65] | Italy | 8 June–2 July 2020 | CS | n.a. | 436 | n.a. | No | University students | Online | 95.1 | |
Priori R et al. [66] | Italy | n.a. | CS | n.a. | 626 (Rheumatological Patient); 345 (Control Group) | n.a. | No | Adults with rheumatological diseases | Online | 54.9 | |
Barello S et al. [67] | Italy | 27 November–3 December 2020 | n.a. | n.a. | 1005 | n.a. | No | Adults | Online | 58.0 | |
Karlsson LC et al. [68] | Finland | 1st survey: May 2020–June 2020, 2nd survey: 30 March 2020–14 April 2020 3rd survey: 3–17 April 2020 | CS | n.a. | 825 (S1); 205 (S2); 1325 (S3) | 21.2 (S1); 30.7 (S2); 19.0 (S3) | Yes | Parents/Guardiands | Online | 73.9 (S1); 77.8 (S2); 72.9 (S3) | |
Szmyd B et al. [69] | Poland | 22–25 December 2020 | CS | 20 (median) | 1971 | 12.3 (Medical students); 36.9 (Non-medical students) | Yes | University students | Online | 92.0 (Medical students); 59.4 (Non-medical students) | |
Feleszko W et al. [70] | Poland | 2–9 June 2020 | CS | n.a. | 1066 | n.a. | No | Adults | Online | 72.0 | |
Papagiannis D et al. [71] | Greece | 15–22 December 2020 | CS | 48 | 340 | 51.2 | No | HCWs | Hospital | 78.5 | |
Serrazina F et al. [72] | Portugal | 21 December 2020–3 January 2021 | CS | 45 | 256 | 27.0 | No | Adults with Multiple Sclerosis | Hospital; Online | 80.9 | |
Eguia H et al. [73] | Spain | 10 September–23 November 2020 | CS | 51 | 731 | 44.0 | No | Adults | Social Media | 77.6 | |
Yigit M et al. [74] | Turkey | n.a. | CS | 40 | 428 | 36.4 | No | Parents/Guardians | Social Media; In-person | 62.6 (National vaccine); 33.9 (International) | |
African Region | |||||||||||
Ditekemena JD et al. [75] | DRC | 24 August–8 September 2020 | CS | 35 | 4131 | 31.6 | No | n.a. | Online | 55.9 | |
Dinga JN et al. [76] | DRC | 5 August 2021 | CS | n.a. | 2512 | 45.1 | No | Adults | Online; In-person | 15.4 | |
Kabamba Nzaji M et al. [77] | DRC | March–April 2020 | CS | 40 | 613 | 50.9 | No | HCWs | Hospital; Online | 27.7 | |
Eastern Mediterranean Region | |||||||||||
Saied SM et al. [78] | Egypt | 08–15 January 2021 | CS | 20 | 2133 | 34.8 | Medical students | Online | 34.9 | ||
Al-Qerem WA et al. [79] | Jordan | October 2020 | CS | 18–29 | 1141 | 33.5 | No | Adults | Social Media | 36.8 | |
Sallam M et al. [80] | Jordan; Kuwait | 14–18 December 2020 | CS | 24 (Jordan), 30 (Kuwait) | Giordania, 2173; Kuwait 771; Saudi Arabia 154 | 30.6 (Jordan); 36.1 (Kuwait); 23.4 (Saudi Arabia) | Yes | Adults | Online | 29.4 | |
Qattan AMN et al. [81] | Saudi Arabia | 08–14 December 2020 | CS | n.a. | 673 | n.a. | No | Adults | Online | 50.5 | |
Al-Mohaithef M et al. [82] | Saudi Arabia | n.a. | CS | n.a. | 992 | 34.2 | No | Adults | Online | 64.7 | |
Alqudeimat Y et al. [83] | Kuwait | 26 August–1 September 2020 | CS | n.a. | 2368 | 31.8 | No | Adults | Online | 53.1 | |
Alabdulla M et al. [84] | Quatar | 15 October–15 November 2020 | CS | 36–45 | 7821 | 59.43 | No | n.a. | Online | 60.5 | |
Western Pacific Region | |||||||||||
Dodd RH et al. [85] | Australia | 17–21 April | CS | 56–90 | 4362 | n.a. | No | Adults | Online | 85.8 | |
Edwards B et al. [86] | Australia | August 2020 | LS | n.a. | 3061 | n.a. | No | Adults | Online, Telephone | 58.5 | |
Faasse K et al. [87] | Australia | 2–9 March 2020 | CS | 30–49 | 2174 | 23.1 | Yes | Adults | Online; Social Media | 81.1 | |
Rhodes A et al. [88] | Australia | 15–23 June 2020 | n.a. | n.a. | 2018 | n.a. | No | Parents/Guardians | Hospital; Online | 75.8 | |
Wang K et al. [89] | Hong Kong SAR | February–March 2020 | CS | 30–39 | 806 | 19.3 | No | Nurses | 40.0 | ||
Yu Y et al. [90] | Hong Kong SAR | 16–30 September 2020 | CS | n.a. | 450 | 31.0 | No | Adults | Telephone | 4.2–38 | |
Gan L et al. [91] | China | October–November 2020 | CS | 18–29 | 1009 | 37.9 | No | Adults | Online | 60.4 | |
Lin Y et al. [92] | China | May 2020 | CS | 26–35 | 3541 | 48.1 | No | Adults | Social Media | 83.3 | |
Wang J et al. [93] | China | March 2020 | CS | n.a. | 2058 | 45.8 | No | Adults | Online | 91.3 | |
Wang J et al. [94] | China | 1st survey March 2020, 2nd survey November–December 2020 | LS | n.a. | 791 | 46.9 | No | Adults | Online | 91.9 (1); 88.6 (2) | |
Zhang KC et al. [95] | China | 1–7 September2020 | CS | n.a. | 2053 | 42.6 | No | Factory workers | Online | 80.6 (If 80.0% vaccine efficacy and free of charge) | |
Mo PK et al. [96] | China | 01–28 November 2020 | CS | 19 | 6922 | 36.4 | Yes | University students | Online | 78.9 (Vaccine for free); 60.2 (Vaccine fee-based) | |
Zhang KC et al. [97] | China | 1–7 September 2020 | CS | n.a. | 2053 | 37.5 | No | Factory workers; Parents/Guardians | Online | 72.6 | |
Yoda T et al. [98] | Japan | September 2020 | n.a. | 45 | 1100 | 53.0 | No | Adults | Panelist | 65.7 | |
Wong LP et al. [99] | Malaysia | 3–12 April 2020 | CS | 31–40 | 1159 | 44.0 | Yes | Adults | Social Media | 94.3 | |
South-East Asia Region | |||||||||||
Parajuli J et al. [100] | Nepal | April–May 2020 | CS | 20–29 | 230 | 50.4 | No | HCWs | Hospital | 94.3 | |
Harapan H et al. [101] | Indonesia | 25 March–6 April 2020 | CS | n.a. | 1359 | 34.3 | No | Adults | Online | 93.3 | |
More than one Region | |||||||||||
Chew NWS et al. [102] | China; India; Indonesia; Singapore; Vietnam and Bhutan | 12–31 December 2020 | CS | 33 | 1,72 | 39.0 | No | HCWs | Online; Telephone | 96.2 | |
Lazarus JV et al. [103] | China; Brazil; South Africa; South Korea; Mexico; US; India; Spain; Ecuador; UK; Italy; Canada; Germany; Singapore; Sweden; Nigeria; France; Poland; Russia | 16–20 June 2020 | CS | 25–54 | 13,426 | 45.8 | No | Adults | Online; Telephone | 71.5 Overall; China 88.6; Brazil 85.4; South Africa 81.6; South Korea 79.8; Mexico 76.3; US 75.4; India 74.5; Spain 74.3; Ecuador 71.9; UK 71.5; Italy 70.8; Canada 68.7; Germany 67.9; Singapore 67.9; Sweden 65.2; Nigeria 65.2; France 58.9; Poland 56.3; Russia 54.9 | |
Skjefte M et al. [104] | Worldwide | 28 October–18 November 2020 | CS | 34 | 17,871 | 0 | No | Pregnant women; Mothers | Online | 52.0 (Pregnant women); 73.4 (Non-pregnant women) | |
Goldman RD et al. [105] | US; Canada; Japan; Spain; Switzerland | 26 March–31 May 2020 | CS | 40 | 1552 | 25.5 | No | Caregivers | Online | 65.2 | |
Neumann-Böhme S et al. [106] | Denmark; UK; Italy; Portugal; Netherland; Germany; France | April 2020 | CS | n.a. | 1000 | n.a. | No | Adults | Online | 80.0 Denmark; 79.0 UK; 77.3 Italy; 75.0 Portugal; 73.0 Netherlands; 70.0 Germany; 62.0 France. | |
Verger P et al. [107] | France; Belgium; Canada | October–November 2020 | CS | 40–59 | 2678 | 30.8 | No | HCWs | Online; Telephone; E-mail | 71.6 Overall; France 46.5 (Certainly), 28.8 (Probably); Belgium 39.5 (Certainly), 36.5 (Probably); Canada 42.9 (Certainly), 27.6 (Probably) | |
Murphy J et al. [108] | Ireland; UK | n.a. | CS | n.a. | 1041 (Ireland); 2025 (UK) | 48.2 (Ireland); 48.3 (UK) | Yes | Adults | n.a. | Ireland 65.0; UK 69.0 |
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Salomoni, M.G.; Di Valerio, Z.; Gabrielli, E.; Montalti, M.; Tedesco, D.; Guaraldi, F.; Gori, D. Hesitant or Not Hesitant? A Systematic Review on Global COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Different Populations. Vaccines 2021, 9, 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080873
Salomoni MG, Di Valerio Z, Gabrielli E, Montalti M, Tedesco D, Guaraldi F, Gori D. Hesitant or Not Hesitant? A Systematic Review on Global COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Different Populations. Vaccines. 2021; 9(8):873. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080873
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalomoni, Maria Giulia, Zeno Di Valerio, Elisa Gabrielli, Marco Montalti, Dario Tedesco, Federica Guaraldi, and Davide Gori. 2021. "Hesitant or Not Hesitant? A Systematic Review on Global COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Different Populations" Vaccines 9, no. 8: 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080873
APA StyleSalomoni, M. G., Di Valerio, Z., Gabrielli, E., Montalti, M., Tedesco, D., Guaraldi, F., & Gori, D. (2021). Hesitant or Not Hesitant? A Systematic Review on Global COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Different Populations. Vaccines, 9(8), 873. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080873