Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived COVID-19 Infectability Supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Iranians’ Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Recruitment Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Fear of COVID-19
2.2.2. Perceived COVID-19 Infectability
2.2.3. Perceived Behavioral Control over COVID-19 Vaccination
2.2.4. Subjective Norm of COVID-19 Vaccination
2.2.5. Attitude toward COVID-19 Vaccination
2.2.6. Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Variable | Mean ± SD or n (%) |
---|---|
Age | 35.54 ± 12.00 |
Gender | |
Male | 4092 (37.7%) |
Educational levels | |
University | 4230 (39.0%) |
Diploma | 2761 (25.5%) |
High school | 974 (9.0%) |
Secondary school | 1540 (14.2%) |
Primary school | 986 (9.1%) |
Illiterate | 352 (3.2%) |
Marital status | |
Married | 8092 (74.6%) |
Single | 2751 (25.4%) |
Accommodation | |
City | 8186 (75.5%) |
Rural | 2656 (24.5%) |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Fear of COVID-19 | 1 | |||||
2. Perceived infectability | 0.419 ** | 1 | ||||
3. Perceived behavioral control | 0.172 ** | 0.241 ** | 1 | |||
4. Subjective norms | 0.213 ** | 0.318 ** | 0.487 ** | 1 | ||
5. Attitude | 0.232 ** | 0.345 ** | 0.492 ** | 0.765 ** | 1 | |
6. Intention | 0.219 ** | 0.325 ** | 0.523 ** | 0.686 ** | 0.740 ** | 1 |
Construct; Mean (SD) | Measurement Item | λ | α | CR | AVE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fear of COVID-19; 21.12 (6.94) | 0.88 | 0.87 | 0.48 | ||
I am most afraid of coronavirus-19 | 0.648 | ||||
It makes me uncomfortable to think about coronavirus-19 | 0.742 | ||||
My hands become clammy when I think about coronavirus-19 | 0.631 | ||||
I am afraid of losing my life because of coronavirus-19 | 0.735 | ||||
When watching news and stories about coronavirus-19 on social media, I become nervous or anxious | 0.765 | ||||
I cannot sleep because I’m worrying about getting coronavirus-19 | 0.650 | ||||
My heart races or palpitates when I think about getting coronavirus-19 | 0.670 | ||||
Perceived COVID-19 infectability; 3.12 (1.10) | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.30 | ||
If a COVID-19 patient is “going around in his/her immediate locality”, I will get it | 0.703 | ||||
My past experiences make me believe I am not likely to get COVID-19 even when my friends are sick | 0.384 | ||||
In general, I am very susceptible to colds, flu, COVID-19 and other infectious diseases | 0.529 | ||||
I am unlikely to catch a cold, flu, COVID-19 or other illness, even if it is “going around in the immediate locality” | 0.457 | ||||
My immune system protects me from COVID-19 that other people get | 0.615 | ||||
Perceived Behavioral Control; 3.84 (1.05) | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.61 | ||
Whether or not I get COVID-19 vaccination is completely up to me. | 0.720 | ||||
I have resources, time and opportunities to get COVID-19 vaccination | 0.837 | ||||
Subjective norms; 3.83 (1.10) | Most people who are important to me would… | 0.89 | 0.88 | 0.79 | |
want me to get COVID-19 vaccination | 0.881 | ||||
think I should get COVID-19 vaccination | 0.898 | ||||
Attitude; 3.86 (0.96) | For me, getting the COVID-19 vaccination would be … | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.72 | |
extremely bad (1)/extremely good (5) | 0.816 | ||||
extremely undesirable (1)/extremely desirable (5) | 0.879 | ||||
extremely unimportant (1)/extremely important (5) | 0.909 | ||||
extremely useless (1)/extremely useful (5) | 0.808 | ||||
extremely unfavorable (1)/extremely favorable (5) | 0.809 | ||||
extremely harmful (1)/extremely beneficial (5) | 0.794 | ||||
Intentions; 3.84 (1.10) | 0.92 | 0.91 | 0.84 | ||
I am willing to get COVID-19 vaccination | 0.927 | ||||
I want to get COVID-19 vaccination | 0.907 |
Model and Comparisons | Fit Statistics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
χ2 (df) | ∆χ2 (∆df) | CFI | ∆CFI | TLI | ∆TLI | RMSEA | |
Gender (male vs. female) | |||||||
M1: Unconstrained | 5257.24 (460) * | - | 0.971 | - | 0.965 | - | 0.031 |
M2: Measurement weights | 5305.79 (478) * | 45.552(18) * | 0.971 | 0 | 0.967 | 0.002 | 0.031 |
M3: Measurement intercepts | 5889.68 (502) * | 632.44(42) * | 0.968 | −0.002 | 0.964 | −0.001 | 0.031 |
M4: Structural weights | 5909.02 (512) * | 651.78(52) * | 0.968 | −0.002 | 0.965 | 0.00 | 0.031 |
M5: Structural Covariances | 5914.90 (513) * | 657.66(53) * | 0.968 | −0.002 | 0.965 | 0.00 | 0.031 |
M6: Structural Residuals | 6009.70 (521) * | 752.46(61) * | 0.967 | −0.003 | 0.965 | 0.00 | 0.031 |
M7: Measurement Residuals | 6726.63 (554) * | 1469.39(94) * | 0.963 | −0.008 | 0.963 | 0.002 | 0.032 |
Age (above 35 years vs. below 35 years) | |||||||
M1: Unconstrained | 5307.66 (460) * | - | 0.971 | - | 0.965 | - | 0.031 |
M2: Measurement weights | 5365.10 (478) * | 57.44(18) * | 0.971 | 0 | 0.966 | 0.001 | 0.031 |
M3: Measurement intercepts | 5606.77 (502) * | 299.11(42) * | 0.969 | −0.002 | 0.966 | 0.001 | 0.031 |
M4: Structural weight | 5610.44 (512) * | 302.78(52) | 0.970 | −0.001 | 0.967 | 0.002 | 0.030 |
M5: Structural Covariances | 5610.57 (513) * | 302.91(53) * | 0.970 | −0.001 | 0.967 | 0.002 | 0.030 |
M6: Structural Residuals | 5706.17 (521) * | 398.51(61) * | 0.969 | −0.001 | 0.967 | 0.002 | 0.030 |
M7: Measurement Residuals | 6263.78 (554) * | 956.12(94) * | 0.966 | −0.005 | 0.966 | 0.001 | 0.031 |
Living (city vs. rural) | |||||||
M1: Unconstrained | 5214.69 (460) * | - | 0.972 | - | 0.966 | - | 0.031 |
M2: Measurement weights | 5259.74 (478) * | 45.05 (18) * | 0.971 | −0.001 | 0.967 | 0.001 | 0.030 |
M3: Measurement intercepts | 5419.85 (502) * | 205.16(42) * | 0.971 | −0.001 | 0.968 | 0.002 | 0.030 |
M4: Structural weights | 5450.73 (512) * | 236.03(52) * | 0.970 | −0.002 | 0.968 | 0.002 | 0.030 |
M5: Structural Covariances | 5450.74 (513) * | 236.05(53) * | 0.970 | −0.002 | 0.968 | 0.002 | 0.030 |
M6: Structural Residuals | 5508.89 (521) * | 294.20(61) * | 0.970 | −0.002 | 0.968 | 0.002 | 0.030 |
M7: Measurement Residuals | 5692.11 (554) * | 477.42(94) * | 0.969 | −0.003 | 0.969 | 0.003 | 0.029 |
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Yahaghi, R.; Ahmadizade, S.; Fotuhi, R.; Taherkhani, E.; Ranjbaran, M.; Buchali, Z.; Jafari, R.; Zamani, N.; Shahbazkhania, A.; Simiari, H.; et al. Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived COVID-19 Infectability Supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Iranians’ Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated. Vaccines 2021, 9, 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070684
Yahaghi R, Ahmadizade S, Fotuhi R, Taherkhani E, Ranjbaran M, Buchali Z, Jafari R, Zamani N, Shahbazkhania A, Simiari H, et al. Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived COVID-19 Infectability Supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Iranians’ Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated. Vaccines. 2021; 9(7):684. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070684
Chicago/Turabian StyleYahaghi, Rafat, Safie Ahmadizade, Razie Fotuhi, Elham Taherkhani, Mehdi Ranjbaran, Zeinab Buchali, Robabe Jafari, Narges Zamani, Azam Shahbazkhania, Hengame Simiari, and et al. 2021. "Fear of COVID-19 and Perceived COVID-19 Infectability Supplement Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain Iranians’ Intention to Get COVID-19 Vaccinated" Vaccines 9, no. 7: 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070684