A Vaccine Strain of the A/ASIA/Sea-97 Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with a Single Amino Acid Substitution in the P1 Region That Is Adapted to Suspension Culture Provides High Immunogenicity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cells and Viruses
2.2. Serial Passaging of FMDV and Virus Plaque Purification
2.3. Infectivity Tests in CHO-K1 and BHK-21 Adherent Cells
2.4. Genome Amplification, Nucleotide Sequencing, and Amino Acid Sequence Alignment
2.5. Production of Inactivated Antigen
2.6. Vaccination of Pigs and Cows for Serology Test
2.7. VNTs for Homologous and Heterologous Viruses
2.8. Vaccine Matching by 2D VNT
2.9. Vaccination of C57BL/6 Mice and Challenge with Heterologous FMDV
2.10. Assessment of Early Protection in Pigs Vaccinated with the A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017(A-1)
2.10.1. Vaccination and FMDV Challenge
2.10.2. Blood Sampling and Analysis
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Virus Adaptation to BHK-21 Suspension Cells over Serial Passages
3.2. Comparison of Receptor Usage and Amino Acid Substitutions in the P1 Region in Plaque-Purified Viruses
3.3. Qualification of A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 (A-1) Virus for Vaccine Production
3.4. Neutralizing Antibody Response after Immunization with A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 Experimental Vaccine for Homologous and Heterologous Viruses in Pigs
3.5. Vaccine Matching Using Vaccinated Cow Sera
3.6. Heterologous Virus Challenge in Vaccinated Mice
3.7. Early Protection in Pigs Injected with the A/SKR/Yeoncheon/2017 (A-1) Experimental Vaccine
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus a | Virus Titer in Two Cell Types (TCID50/mL) | Amino Acid Substitutions in the P1 d | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BHK-21 | CHO-K1 b | VP2 | VP1 | |||
80 | 82 | 131 | 42 | |||
Wild-Type | NT c | NT | E | E | E | K |
Plaque-purified A-1 | 1.2 × 108 | 5.0 × 102 | · | K | · | · |
Plaque-purified A-2 | 2.0 × 107 | 3.1 × 102 | · | K | G | T |
Plaque-purified A-3 | 1.2 × 107 | 3.1 × 102 | G | · | K | · |
Injection | Animal No. | Maximum Clinical Score (DPC of the First Detection) a | Maximum Amount of Viremia b (DPC of the First Detection) | VN Antibody Titer (log10) at 0 DPC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccine | 1 | 2 (7) | 2.7 ± 0.7 × 103 (4) | 1.2 |
2 | 2 (5) | 1.7 ± 1.0 × 101 (6) | 2.4 | |
3 | Neg c | Neg | 2.3 | |
4 | Neg | Neg | 2.4 | |
PBS | 5 | 10 (3) | 1.8 ± 0.5 × 105 (2) | <0.9 |
6 | 10 (3) | 2.5 ± 0.4 × 105 (4) | <0.9 | |
7 | 10 (3) | 4.5 ± 0.02 × 104 (2) | <0.9 |
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Hwang, J.-H.; Lee, G.; Kim, A.; Park, J.-H.; Lee, M.J.; Kim, B.; Kim, S.-M. A Vaccine Strain of the A/ASIA/Sea-97 Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with a Single Amino Acid Substitution in the P1 Region That Is Adapted to Suspension Culture Provides High Immunogenicity. Vaccines 2021, 9, 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040308
Hwang J-H, Lee G, Kim A, Park J-H, Lee MJ, Kim B, Kim S-M. A Vaccine Strain of the A/ASIA/Sea-97 Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with a Single Amino Acid Substitution in the P1 Region That Is Adapted to Suspension Culture Provides High Immunogenicity. Vaccines. 2021; 9(4):308. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040308
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Ji-Hyeon, Gyeongmin Lee, Aro Kim, Jong-Hyeon Park, Min Ja Lee, Byounghan Kim, and Su-Mi Kim. 2021. "A Vaccine Strain of the A/ASIA/Sea-97 Lineage of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus with a Single Amino Acid Substitution in the P1 Region That Is Adapted to Suspension Culture Provides High Immunogenicity" Vaccines 9, no. 4: 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040308