COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Measures
4. Outcome
5. Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N = 3479 1 |
---|---|
Age | |
18–30 years | 816 (23%) |
31–40 years | 1061 (30%) |
41–50 years | 686 (20%) |
51–60 years | 571 (16%) |
61–70 years | 326 (9.4%) |
>70 years | 19 (0.5%) |
Gender | |
Female | 2598 (75%) |
Male | 864 (25%) |
Trans/ Gender non-binary/not specified above | 7 (0.2%) |
Do not wish to reply | 10 (0.3%) |
Ethnicity | |
Hispanic or Latino | 560 (16%) |
NOT Hispanic or Latino | 2763 (79%) |
Unknown/Not Reported | 36 (1.0%) |
Do not wish to answer | 120 (3.4%) |
Race | |
White or Caucasian | 2803 (81%) |
Asian | 218 (6.3%) |
Black or African American | 74 (2.1%) |
Native Americans/Alaska Native | 30 (0.9%) |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 6 (0.2%) |
More Than One Race | 126 (3.6%) |
Unknown/Other | 70 (2.0%) |
Do not wish to answer | 152 (4.4%) |
State of Residence | |
Midwest | 1433 (41%) |
North East | 81 (2.3%) |
South | 314 (9.0%) |
West | 1651 (47%) |
Occupation | |
Direct Patient Care Providers (DPCP) | 1573 (45%) |
Direct Medical Providers (DMP) | 1207 (35%) |
Administrative staff working in hospital without direct patient contact | 295 (8.5%) |
Others without direct patient contact | 404 (12%) |
Primary Area of Work | |
Primary medical and medical subspecialty | 1882 (54%) |
Primary surgical and surgical subspecialty | 363 (10%) |
Diagnostic subspecialty | 246 (7.1%) |
Others | 988 (28%) |
Annual Income | |
<$30,000 | 117 (3.4%) |
$30,001–$70,000 | 741 (21%) |
$70,001–$100,00 | 759 (22%) |
$100,001–$150,000 | 796 (23%) |
>$150,001 | 1066 (31%) |
Health Care facility in | |
Rural area | 293 (8.4%) |
Suburban area | 957 (28%) |
Urban area | 2229 (64%) |
Education | |
No formal education | 1 (<0.1%) |
High school graduate, diploma or the equivalent (for example: GED) | 46 (1.3%) |
Some college credit, no degree | 169 (4.9%) |
Trade/technical/vocational training | 111 (3.2%) |
Associate degree | 364 (10%) |
Bachelor’s degree | 1046 (30%) |
Master’s degree | 606 (17%) |
Professional degree | 297 (8.5%) |
Doctorate degree | 839 (24%) |
Political Identification | |
Conservative-Republican | 746 (21%) |
Democrat-Liberal | 1519 (44%) |
Unaffiliated | 640 (18%) |
Do not wish to answer | 574 (16%) |
Medical comorbidities | |
No Chronic Condition | 2039 (59%) |
Diabetes Mellitus Type-1/Type-2 | 136 (3.9%) |
Heart Disease | 36 (1.0%) |
Hypertension | 449 (13%) |
COPD Asthma—Lung Disease | 318 (9.1%) |
Obesity BMI > 30 | 461 (13%) |
Cancer | 125 (3.6%) |
Immuno-compromised/on immunosuppressants | 110 (3.2%) |
Smoking | 288 (8.3%) |
Other Medical Conditions | 505 (15%) |
Have you, your family member or someone you know been diagnosed with COVID-19 (Excluding your patients) | |
I was Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 90 (2.6%) |
Family Member was Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 447 (13%) |
Someone I personally know was Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 1793 (52%) |
No one I personally know was Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 1400 (40%) |
Do you think you are at risk of getting COVID-19 in the next 1 year? | |
I believe I already have the disease and I am immune to it (Not diagnosed by a test) | 138 (4.0%) |
No, I am confident I won’t get infected | 266 (7.6%) |
No, I already have recovered and won’t get re-infected (Diagnosed by a test) | 34 (1.0%) |
Yes, I am concerned that I will get mild symptoms which will probably not require hospitalization | 2294 (66%) |
Yes, I am concerned that I will get moderate symptoms which will probably need hospitalization | 572 (16%) |
Yes, I am concerned that I will get severe symptom which will probably require admission to the Intensive care unit | 175 (5.0%) |
Have you directly or indirectly taken care of the COVID-19 patients? | |
No | 1263 (36%) |
Yes, but no direct patient contact | 646 (19%) |
Yes, I have direct patient contact | 1570 (45%) |
Would you take the COVID-19 Vaccine | |
No | 279 (8.0%) |
Wait for Review | 1953 (56%) |
Yes | 1247 (36%) |
Would you advise friends and family to get vaccinated for COVID-19? | |
No | 519 (15%) |
Not sure | 1376 (40%) |
Yes | 1584 (46%) |
COVID-19 Vaccine for health care workers should be: | |
Mandated by the employer, like Influenza vaccine | 792 (23%) |
Mandated by the Federal government for all health care workers | 338 (9.7%) |
Mandated by the State government for all health care workers | 99 (2.8%) |
Not sure | 585 (17%) |
Voluntary | 1665 (48%) |
Variable | No, n = 279 1 | Wait for Review, n = 1953 1 | Yes, n = 1247 1 | p-Value 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | <0.001 * | |||
18–30 years | 72 (8.8%) | 467 (57%) | 277 (34%) | |
31–40 years | 83 (7.8%) | 615 (58%) | 363 (34%) | |
41–50 years | 70 (10%) | 389 (57%) | 227 (33%) | |
51–60 years | 43 (7.5%) | 306 (54%) | 222 (39%) | |
61–70 years | 10 (3.1%) | 167 (51%) | 149 (46%) | |
>70 years | 1 (5.3%) | 9 (47%) | 9 (47%) | |
Gender | <0.001 * | |||
Female | 240 (9.2%) | 1540 (59%) | 818 (31%) | |
Male | 37 (4.3%) | 402 (47%) | 425 (49%) | |
Trans/Gender non-binary/not specified above | 0 (0%) | 4 (57%) | 3 (43%) | |
Do not wish to reply | 2 (20%) | 7 (70%) | 1 (10%) | |
Ethnicity | <0.001 * | |||
Hispanic or Latino | 55 (9.8%) | 337 (60%) | 168 (30%) | |
NOT Hispanic or Latino | 191 (6.9%) | 1536 (56%) | 1036 (37%) | |
Unknown/Not Reported | 8 (22%) | 16 (44%) | 12 (33%) | |
Do not wish to answer | 25 (21%) | 64 (53%) | 31 (26%) | |
Race | <0.001 * | |||
White or Caucasian | 221 (7.9%) | 1545 (55%) | 1037 (37%) | |
Asian | 1 (0.5%) | 122 (56%) | 95 (44%) | |
Black or African American | 12 (16%) | 48 (65%) | 14 (19%) | |
Native Americans/Alaska Native | 3 (10%) | 24 (80%) | 3 (10%) | |
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 (0%) | 6 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
More Than One Race | 4 (3.2%) | 82 (65%) | 40 (32%) | |
Unknown/Other | 9 (13%) | 41 (59%) | 20 (29%) | |
Do not wish to answer | 29 (19%) | 85 (56%) | 38 (25%) | |
State of Residence | 0.003 * | |||
Midwest | 146 (10%) | 776 (54%) | 511 (36%) | |
North East | 2 (2.5%) | 45 (56%) | 34 (42%) | |
South | 11 (3.5%) | 151 (48%) | 152 (48%) | |
West | 120 (7.3%) | 981 (59%) | 550 (33%) | |
Occupation | <0.001 * | |||
Direct patient care providers (DPCP) | 187 (12%) | 969 (62%) | 417 (27%) | |
Direct Medical Provider (DMP) | 30 (2.5%) | 582 (48%) | 595 (49%) | |
Administrative staff working in hospital without direct patient contact | 25 (8.5%) | 170 (58%) | 100 (34%) | |
Others without direct patient contact | 37 (9.2%) | 232 (57%) | 135 (33%) | |
Annual Income | <0.001 * | |||
<$30,000 | 19 (16%) | 53 (45%) | 45 (38%) | |
$30,001–$70,000 | 81 (11%) | 420 (57%) | 240 (32%) | |
$70,001–$100,00 | 80 (11%) | 463 (61%) | 216 (28%) | |
$100,001–$150,000 | 60 (7.5%) | 472 (59%) | 264 (33%) | |
>$150,001 | 39 (3.7%) | 545 (51%) | 482 (45%) | |
Health Care facility in | <0.001 * | |||
Rural area | 52 (18%) | 164 (56%) | 77 (26%) | |
Suburban area | 98 (10%) | 523 (55%) | 336 (35%) | |
Urban area | 129 (5.8%) | 1266 (57%) | 834 (37%) | |
Education | <0.001 * | |||
No formal education | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
High school graduate, diploma, or the equivalent (for example: GED) | 9 (20%) | 26 (57%) | 11 (24%) | |
Some college credit, no degree | 24 (14%) | 94 (56%) | 51 (30%) | |
Trade/technical/vocational training | 18 (16%) | 69 (62%) | 24 (22%) | |
Associate degree | 56 (15%) | 220 (60%) | 88 (24%) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 109 (10%) | 627 (60%) | 310 (30%) | |
Master’s degree | 40 (6.6%) | 362 (60%) | 204 (34%) | |
Professional degree | 6 (2.0%) | 139 (47%) | 152 (51%) | |
Doctorate degree | 17 (2.0%) | 415 (49%) | 407 (49%) | |
Political Identification | <0.001 * | |||
Conservative-Republican | 93 (12%) | 390 (52%) | 263 (35%) | |
Democrat-Liberal | 42 (2.8%) | 833 (55%) | 644 (42%) | |
Unaffiliated | 48 (7.5%) | 373 (58%) | 219 (34%) | |
Do not wish to answer | 96 (17%) | 357 (62%) | 121 (21%) | |
Did you get the Influenza vaccine Last Year? | <0.001 * | |||
No | 50 (43%) | 56 (48%) | 10 (8.6%) | |
Yes | 229 (6.8%) | 1897 (56%) | 1237 (37%) | |
If you have Children under 18 years old, Have they been vaccinated for other diseases | <0.001 * | |||
No | 38 (26%) | 67 (46%) | 41 (28%) | |
Not Applicable | 120 (6.0%) | 1132 (56%) | 754 (38%) | |
Yes | 121 (9.1%) | 754 (57%) | 452 (34%) | |
Medical Condition = Chronic Condition | 0.046 | |||
No | 107 (7.4%) | 819 (57%) | 514 (36%) | |
Yes | 172 (8.4%) | 1134 (56%) | 733 (36%) | |
Diabetes Mellitus Type-1/Type-2 | 0.076 | |||
No | 272 (8.1%) | 1876 (56%) | 1195 (36%) | |
Yes | 7 (5.1%) | 77 (57%) | 52 (38%) | |
Heart Disease | 0.067 | |||
No | 276 (8.0%) | 1935 (56%) | 1232 (36%) | |
Yes | 3 (8.3%) | 18 (50%) | 15 (42%) | |
Hypertension | 0.8 | |||
No | 253 (8.3%) | 1701 (56%) | 1076 (36%) | |
Yes | 26 (5.8%) | 252 (56%) | 171 (38%) | |
COPD Asthma—Lung Disease | 0.701 | |||
No | 258 (8.2%) | 1778 (56%) | 1125 (36%) | |
Yes | 21 (6.6%) | 175 (55%) | 122 (38%) | |
Obesity BMI>30 | 0.022 * | |||
No | 250 (8.3%) | 1671 (55%) | 1097 (36%) | |
Yes | 29 (6.3%) | 282 (61%) | 150 (33%) | |
Cancer | 0.399 | |||
No | 274 (8.2%) | 1882 (56%) | 1198 (36%) | |
Yes | 5 (4.0%) | 71 (57%) | 49 (39%) | |
Immuno-compromised/on immunosuppressants | 0.354 | |||
No | 269 (8.0%) | 1889 (56%) | 1211 (36%) | |
Yes | 10 (9.1%) | 64 (58%) | 36 (33%) | |
Smoking | 0.013 * | |||
No | 262 (8.2%) | 1778 (56%) | 1151 (36%) | |
Yes | 17 (5.9%) | 175 (61%) | 96 (33%) | |
Other Medical Conditions | 0.629 | |||
No | 227 (7.6%) | 1663 (56%) | 1084 (36%) | |
Yes | 52 (10%) | 290 (57%) | 163 (32%) | |
I was Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 0.009 * | |||
No | 272 (8.0%) | 1901 (56%) | 1216 (36%) | |
Yes | 7 (7.8%) | 52 (58%) | 31 (34%) | |
Family Member was Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 0.695 | |||
No | 244 (8.0%) | 1712 (56%) | 1076 (35%) | |
Yes | 35 (7.8%) | 241 (54%) | 171 (38%) | |
Someone I personally know was Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 0.003 * | |||
No | 168 (10.0%) | 924 (55%) | 594 (35%) | |
Yes | 111 (6.2%) | 1029 (57%) | 653 (36%) | |
No one I personally know was Diagnosed with COVID-19 | 0.143 | |||
No | 134 (6.4%) | 1181 (57%) | 764 (37%) | |
Yes | 145 (10%) | 772 (55%) | 483 (34%) | |
Do you think you are at risk of getting COVID-19 in next 1 year? | <0.001 * | |||
I believe I already have the disease and I am immune to it (Not diagnosed by a test) | 30 (22%) | 68 (49%) | 40 (29%) | |
No, I am confident I won’t get infected | 71 (27%) | 128 (48%) | 67 (25%) | |
No, I already have recovered and won’t get re-infected (Diagnosed by a test) | 4 (12%) | 18 (53%) | 12 (35%) | |
Yes, I am concerned that I will get mild symptoms which will probably not require hospitalization | 153 (6.7%) | 1283 (56%) | 858 (37%) | |
Yes, I am concerned that I will get moderate symptoms which will probably need hospitalization | 15 (2.6%) | 350 (61%) | 207 (36%) | |
Yes, I am concerned that I will get severe symptom which will probably require admission to the Intensive care unit | 6 (3.4%) | 106 (61%) | 63 (36%) | |
Have you directly or indirectly taken care of the COVID-19 patients? | <0.001 * | |||
No | 116 (9.2%) | 714 (57%) | 433 (34%) | |
Yes, but no direct patient contact | 45 (7.0%) | 358 (55%) | 243 (38%) | |
Yes, I have direct patient contact | 118 (7.5%) | 881 (56%) | 571 (36%) | |
I would get the vaccine to prevent COVID-19 in myself | <0.001 * | |||
No | 277 (20%) | 816 (58%) | 324 (23%) | |
Yes | 2 (<0.1%) | 1137 (55%) | 923 (45%) | |
I would get the vaccine to prevent COVID-19 in friends and family members | <0.001 * | |||
No | 276 (21%) | 723 (56%) | 286 (22%) | |
Yes | 3 (0.1%) | 1230 (56%) | 961 (44%) | |
I would get the vaccine to prevent COVID-19 in community | <0.001 * | |||
No | 277 (26%) | 560 (52%) | 237 (22%) | |
Yes | 2 (<0.1%) | 1393 (58%) | 1010 (42%) | |
I would not get the vaccine | <0.001 * | |||
No | 3 (<0.1%) | 1787 (59%) | 1235 (41%) | |
Yes | 276 (61%) | 166 (37%) | 12 (2.6%) | |
Would you advise friends and family to get vaccinated for COVID-19? | <0.001 * | |||
No | 230 (44%) | 272 (52%) | 17 (3.3%) | |
Not sure | 49 (3.6%) | 1162 (84%) | 165 (12%) | |
Yes | 0 (0%) | 519 (33%) | 1065 (67%) | |
COVID-19 Vaccine for health care workers should be: | <0.001 * | |||
Mandated by the employer, like Influenza vaccine | 0 (0%) | 245 (31%) | 547 (69%) | |
Mandated by the Federal government for all health care workers | 0 (0%) | 90 (27%) | 248 (73%) | |
Mandated by the State government for all health care workers | 0 (0%) | 33 (33%) | 66 (67%) | |
Not sure | 5 (0.9%) | 457 (78%) | 123 (21%) | |
Voluntary | 274 (16%) | 1128 (68%) | 263 (16%) |
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Shekhar, R.; Sheikh, A.B.; Upadhyay, S.; Singh, M.; Kottewar, S.; Mir, H.; Barrett, E.; Pal, S. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the United States. Vaccines 2021, 9, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020119
Shekhar R, Sheikh AB, Upadhyay S, Singh M, Kottewar S, Mir H, Barrett E, Pal S. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the United States. Vaccines. 2021; 9(2):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020119
Chicago/Turabian StyleShekhar, Rahul, Abu Baker Sheikh, Shubhra Upadhyay, Mriganka Singh, Saket Kottewar, Hamza Mir, Eileen Barrett, and Suman Pal. 2021. "COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the United States" Vaccines 9, no. 2: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020119
APA StyleShekhar, R., Sheikh, A. B., Upadhyay, S., Singh, M., Kottewar, S., Mir, H., Barrett, E., & Pal, S. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Health Care Workers in the United States. Vaccines, 9(2), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020119