Factors Associated with Attitudes towards Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Poland: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey in 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Percentage of Respondents Who Got Vaccinated or Declared a Willingness to Vaccinate against Influenza during the 2020/2021 Season by Socio-Demographic Factors
3.3. Percentage of Respondents Who Declared Positive Attitudes towards Seasonal Influenza Vaccination by Socio-Demographic Factors
3.4. Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Attitudes towards Seasonal Influenza Vaccination
3.5. Factors Associated with Positive Attitudes towards Seasonal Influenza Vaccination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n | % |
---|---|---|
Overall | 1052 | 100 |
Gender | ||
Female | 556 | 52.9 |
Male | 496 | 47.1 |
Age (years) | ||
18–29 | 170 | 16.1 |
30–44 | 301 | 28.6 |
45–59 | 238 | 22.6 |
60–74 | 258 | 24.5 |
75 and over | 86 | 8.2 |
Place of residence | ||
Rural | 424 | 40.3 |
City up to 99,999 residents | 351 | 33.4 |
City between 100,000–499,999 residents | 161 | 15.3 |
City above 500,000 residents | 116 | 11.0 |
Educational level | ||
Primary | 178 | 16.9 |
Vocational | 249 | 23.7 |
Secondary | 329 | 31.3 |
Higher | 296 | 28.1 |
Occupational status | ||
Active | 566 | 53.8 |
Passive | 486 | 46.2 |
Self-reported financial status | ||
Bad/rather bad | 66 | 6.3 |
Moderate (neither good nor bad) | 401 | 38.2 |
Rather good | 343 | 32.6 |
Good | 241 | 22.9 |
Having children under 18 years of age | ||
No | 693 | 65.9 |
Yes, one child | 182 | 17.3 |
Yes, two children | 134 | 12.7 |
Yes, three children or more | 43 | 4.1 |
Religious faith (n = 1032) | ||
Deeply religious | 94 | 9.1 |
Believer | 829 | 80.3 |
Rather unbelieving | 65 | 6.3 |
Completely unbelieving | 44 | 4.3 |
Using the Internet | ||
Yes | 525 | 49.9 |
No | 527 | 50.1 |
Variable | n | % (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Overall | 1052 | 18.9 (16.5–21.3) | |
Gender | |||
Female | 556 | 17.1 (14.1–20.4) | 0.124 |
Male | 496 | 20.8 (17.4–24.5) | |
Age (years) | |||
18–29 | 170 | 17.4 (12.0–23.2) | <0.001 |
30–44 | 301 | 14.2 (10.7–18.6) | |
45–59 | 238 | 16.5 (12.1–21.5) | |
60–74 | 258 | 21.9 (17.4–27.4) | |
75 and over | 86 | 35.3 (25.4–45.3) | |
Place of residence | |||
Rural | 424 | 15.6 (12.4–19.2) | 0.061 |
City up to 99,999 residents | 351 | 20.6 (16.5–25.0) | |
City between 100,000–499,999 residents | 161 | 18.6 (13.2–25.2) | |
City above 500,000 residents | 116 | 25.8 (18.6–34.4) | |
Educational level | |||
Primary | 178 | 19.6 (14.3–26.0) | <0.01 |
Vocational | 249 | 12.1 (8.4–16.5) | |
Secondary | 329 | 18.1 (14.1–22.3) | |
Higher | 296 | 25.0 (20.3–30.2) | |
Occupational status | |||
Active | 566 | 16.9 (14.0–20.2) | 0.078 |
Passive | 486 | 21.2 (17.7–25.0) | |
Self-reported financial status | |||
Bad/rather bad | 66 | 12.7 (5.9–21.6) | 0.077 |
Moderate (neither good nor bad) | 401 | 16.0 (12.6–19.8) | |
Rather good | 343 | 21.8 (17.7–26.5) | |
Good | 241 | 21.0 (16.4–26.6) | |
Having children under 18 years of age at home | |||
No | 693 | 20.7 (17.9–23.9) | 0.064 |
Yes, one child | 182 | 15.6 (10.7–21.2) | |
Yes, two children | 134 | 17.2 (11.5–24.2) | |
Yes, three children or more | 43 | 7.8 (2.0–17.5) | |
Religious faith | |||
Deeply religious | 94 | 15.1 (8.8–23.1) | <0.001 |
Believer | 829 | 17.5 (15.0–20.2) | |
Rather unbelieving | 65 | 24.0 (15.4–36.0) | |
Completely unbelieving | 44 | 44.4 (31.4–60.1) | |
Using the Internet | |||
Yes | 525 | 22.2 (18.7–25.8) | <0.01 |
No | 527 | 15.6 (12.7–18.8) |
Variable | n | % (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Overall | 1052 | 18.9 (16.5–21.3) | |
Are you personally afraid of coronavirus infection? | |||
Yes, I am very afraid | 304 | 27.0 (22.2–32.2) | <0.001 |
Yes, I’m a little scared | 424 | 19.4 (15.8–23.3) | |
No, I’m not afraid | 189 | 12.2 (8.1–17.4) | |
No, I’m not afraid at all | 121 | 7.6 (3.7–13.1) | |
Hard to say | 12 | 14.6 (3.6–43.6) | |
In your opinion, do you think the coronavirus epidemic for the health of Poles is? | |||
A real threat | 633 | 25.0 (21.7–28.4) | <0.001 |
An exaggerated threat | 331 | 8.9 (6.1–12.2) | |
A fictional threat at all | 34 | 1.8 (0.3–12.9) | |
Hard to say | 54 | 18.8 (9.9–30.4) | |
Pharmaceutical lobbies, politicians, and the media around the world are deliberately exaggerating the dangers of the coronavirus. | |||
I definitely agree | 164 | 3.5 (1.5–7.4) | <0.001 |
I tend to agree | 311 | 13.2 (9.8–17.3) | |
I rather disagree | 239 | 22.2 (17.3–27.8) | |
I strongly disagree | 220 | 34.9 (28.9–41.5) | |
Hard to say | 117 | 17.4 (11.1–24.7) | |
The coronavirus pandemic was artificially triggered to reduce the population of humanity on Earth. | |||
I definitely agree | 85 | 10.9 (5.4–18.4) | <0.001 |
I tend to agree | 213 | 10.2 (6.8–14.9) | |
I rather disagree | 273 | 16.1 (12.1–20.8) | |
I strongly disagree | 287 | 33.3 (27.8–38.7) | |
Hard to say | 193 | 14.2 (9.6–19.4) | |
If a COVID-19 vaccine was available, would you get vaccinated against COVID-19? | |||
I definitely agree | 168 | 53.3 (45.4–60.4) | <0.01 |
I tend to agree | 208 | 29.6 (23.5–35.8) | |
I rather disagree | 208 | 6.2 (3.5–10.2) | |
I strongly disagree | 287 | 3.5 (1.8–6.1) | |
Hard to say | 179 | 13.4 (9.0–19.0) |
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Samel-Kowalik, P.; Jankowski, M.; Lisiecka-Biełanowicz, M.; Ostrowska, A.; Gujski, M.; Kobuszewski, B.; Pinkas, J.; Raciborski, F. Factors Associated with Attitudes towards Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Poland: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey in 2020. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111336
Samel-Kowalik P, Jankowski M, Lisiecka-Biełanowicz M, Ostrowska A, Gujski M, Kobuszewski B, Pinkas J, Raciborski F. Factors Associated with Attitudes towards Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Poland: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey in 2020. Vaccines. 2021; 9(11):1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111336
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamel-Kowalik, Piotr, Mateusz Jankowski, Mira Lisiecka-Biełanowicz, Aurelia Ostrowska, Mariusz Gujski, Bartosz Kobuszewski, Jarosław Pinkas, and Filip Raciborski. 2021. "Factors Associated with Attitudes towards Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Poland: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey in 2020" Vaccines 9, no. 11: 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111336