Dualistic Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention among University Students in China: From Perceived Personal Benefits to External Reasons of Perceived Social Benefits, Collectivism, and National Pride
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Data Collection
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Background Characteristics
2.2.2. Behavioral Intention of COVID-19 Vaccination
2.2.3. Perceived Personal Benefits of COVID-19 Vaccination
2.2.4. Perceived Social Benefits of COVID-19 Vaccination
2.2.5. Collectivism
2.2.6. National Pride
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.1.1. Background Characteristics
3.1.2. Behavioral Intention of COVID-19 Vaccination
3.2. Factors of Behavioral Intention of COVID-19 Vaccination
3.3. Interaction Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Background Factors | n/Mean | %/SD |
---|---|---|
Studied province | 2597 | 37.5 |
Inner Mongolia | 1943 | 28.1 |
Henan | 931 | 13.4 |
Zhejiang | 896 | 12.9 |
Yunnan | 555 | 8.0 |
Guangdong | ||
Gender | ||
Female | 4402 | 63.6 |
Male | 2520 | 36.4 |
Ethnicity | ||
Else | 913 | 13.2 |
Han | 6009 | 86.8 |
Major | ||
Art; Social science; Economics and management | 1637 | 23.6 |
Science; Engineering | 1522 | 22.0 |
Medicine | 3525 | 50.9 |
Others | 238 | 3.4 |
Grade | ||
First year | 2993 | 43.2 |
Second year | 1894 | 27.4 |
Third year | 1164 | 16.8 |
Fourth/fifth year | 776 | 11.2 |
Postgraduate | 95 | 1.4 |
Perceived risk | ||
Low-to-moderate | 6298 | 91.0 |
High | 624 | 9.0 |
Behavioral Intention of COVID-19 Vaccination | ||
80% efficacy + common mild side effects + free | ||
Definitely/likely not | 4341 | 62.7 |
Likely/definitely yes | 2581 | 37.3 |
50% efficacy + common mild side effects + free | ||
Definitely/likely not | 5551 | 80.2 |
Likely/definitely yes | 1371 | 19.8 |
Background Factors | Behavioral Intention of Receiving Free COVID-19 Vaccination with Mild Side Effects | |
---|---|---|
80% Efficacy | 50% Efficacy | |
ORc (95% CI) | ORc (95% CI) | |
Studied province | ||
Guangdong | Ref = 1.0 | Ref = 1.0 |
Inner Mongolia | 1.48 (1.21–1.80) *** | 1.93 (1.50–2.49) *** |
Henan | 1.16 (0.95–1.43) | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) |
Zhejiang | 1.18 (0.95–1.48) | 1.27 (0.95–1.70) |
Yunnan | 1.66 (1.33–2.08) *** | 1.73 (1.30–2.30) *** |
Gender | ||
Female | Ref = 1.0 | Ref = 1.0 |
Male | 1.31 (1.18–1.45) *** | 1.36 (1.21–1.53) *** |
Ethnicity | ||
Han | Ref = 1.0 | Ref = 1.0 |
Else | 1.31 (1.13–1.50) *** | 1.30 (1.10–1.54) ** |
Faculty | ||
Art; Social science; Economics and management | Ref = 1.0 | Ref = 1.0 |
Science; Engineering | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 0.96 (0.80–1.15) |
Medicine | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) * | 1.24 (1.06–1.43) ** |
Others | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 1.08 (0.76–1.52) |
Grade | ||
Postgraduate | Ref = 1.0 | Ref = 1.0 |
Fourth/fifth year | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | 0.97 (0.55–1.71) |
Third year | 0.93 (0.61–1.44) | 1.09 (0.62–1.90) |
Second year | 0.98 (0.64–1.50) | 1.28 (0.74–2.22) |
First year | 1.02 (0.67–1.56) | 1.31 (0.76–2.26) |
Perceived risk | ||
Low-to-moderate | Ref = 1.0 | Ref = 1.0 |
High | 2.52 (2.13–2.98) *** | 3.21 (2.70–3.81) *** |
Behavioral Intention of Receiving Free COVID-19 Vaccination with Common Mild Side Effects | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
80% Efficacy | 50% Efficacy | |||
ORc (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | ORc (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | |
Perceived personal benefits | 1.42(1.34–1.49) *** | 1.36(1.29–1.43) *** | 1.45(1.36–1.54) *** | 1.35(1.27–1.44) *** |
Perceived social benefits | 1.47(1.39–1.55) *** | 1.44(1.36–1.52) *** | 1.33(1.25–1.41) *** | 1.27(1.19–1.35) *** |
Collectivism | 1.31(1.25–1.38) *** | 1.27(1.20–1.33) *** | 1.32(1.25–1.41) *** | 1.25(1.18–1.33) *** |
National pride | 1.17(1.11–1.23) *** | 1.15(1.09–1.21) *** | 1.12(1.05–1.19) *** | 1.09(1.02–1.16) ** |
Behavioral Intention of Free COVID-19 Vaccination with Frequent Mild Side Effects | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
80% Efficacy | 50% Efficacy | |||
ORa (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | ORa (95% CI) | |
Model 1a | Model 1b | Model 2a | Model 2b | |
Perceived personal benefits | 1.12 (1.05–1.20) ** | 1.13 (1.05–1.21) *** | 1.30 (1.20–1.42) *** | 1.29 (1.18–1.41) *** |
Perceived social benefits | 1.33 (1.24–1.43) *** | 1.33 (1.24–1.43) *** | 1.06 (0.97–1.15) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) |
Perceived personal benefits × perceived social benefits | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | ||
Model 1c | Model 1d | Model 2c | Model 2d | |
Perceived personal benefits | 1.31 (1.24–1.38) *** | 1.31 (1.24–1.38) *** | 1.30 (1.22–1.39) *** | 1.29 (1.21–1.38) *** |
Collectivism | 1.20 (1.14–1.27) *** | 1.21 (1.14–1.27) *** | 1.19 (1.12–1.26) *** | 1.17 (1.10–1.25) *** |
Perceived personal benefits × collectivism | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | ||
Model 1e | Model 1f | Model 2e | Model 2f | |
Perceived personal benefits | 1.34 (1.27–1.42) *** | 1.35 (1.28–1.42) *** | 1.34 (1.25–1.42) *** | 1.34 (1.26–1.43) *** |
National pride | 1.09 (1.03–1.15) ** | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) ** | 1.03 (0.96–1.09) | 1.03 (0.96–1.09) |
Perceived personal benefits × national pride | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) * | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) |
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Mo, P.K.H.; Yu, Y.; Luo, S.; Wang, S.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, G.; Li, L.; Li, L.; Lau, J.T.F. Dualistic Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention among University Students in China: From Perceived Personal Benefits to External Reasons of Perceived Social Benefits, Collectivism, and National Pride. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111323
Mo PKH, Yu Y, Luo S, Wang S, Zhao J, Zhang G, Li L, Li L, Lau JTF. Dualistic Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention among University Students in China: From Perceived Personal Benefits to External Reasons of Perceived Social Benefits, Collectivism, and National Pride. Vaccines. 2021; 9(11):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111323
Chicago/Turabian StyleMo, Phoenix K. H., Yanqiu Yu, Sitong Luo, Suhua Wang, Junfeng Zhao, Guohua Zhang, Lijuan Li, Liping Li, and Joseph T. F. Lau. 2021. "Dualistic Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccination Intention among University Students in China: From Perceived Personal Benefits to External Reasons of Perceived Social Benefits, Collectivism, and National Pride" Vaccines 9, no. 11: 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111323