Association between Adult Vaccine Hesitancy and Parental Acceptance of Childhood COVID-19 Vaccines: A Web-Based Survey in a Northwestern Region in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Demographics
2.3. Adult Vaccine Hesitancy
2.4. COVID-19 Vaccination Behavior and Intent
2.5. History of Childhood Immunization and Pediatric Infectious Diseases
2.6. Discrete Choice Experiment (DCE)
2.7. Heat Map
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Respondents
3.2. Adult Vaccine Hesitancy and COVID-19 Vaccination
3.3. Vaccination of Four Childhood Vaccines and Parental Acceptance of Childhood COVID-19 Vaccines
3.4. Parental Preferences for Childhood COVID-19 Vaccines
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Already Vaccinated with COVID-19 Vaccines (%) | Intend to Vaccinate COVID-19 Vaccines (%) | Not Intend to Vaccinate COVID-19 Vaccines (%) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Respondents’ age (years) | <0.001 | |||
20–29 | 1025 (60.8) | 489 (29.0) | 172 (10.2) | |
30–39 | 5213 (66.6) | 2018 (25.8) | 593 (7.6) | |
40–49 | 2657 (67.4) | 1066 (27.0) | 218 (5.5) | |
Respondents’ sex | <0.001 | |||
Male | 3202 (65.4) | 1414 (28.9) | 282 (5.8) | |
Female | 5693 (66.6) | 2159 (25.2) | 701 (8.2) | |
Children’s age (years) | <0.001 | |||
0–5 | 3388 (74.6) | 938 (20.7) | 216 (4.8) | |
6–10 | 3106 (64.3) | 1363 (28.2) | 361 (7.5) | |
11–18 | 2400 (58.9) | 1172 (28.7) | 505 (12.4) | |
Number of children | <0.001 | |||
Single | 3306 (69.5) | 1097 (23.1) | 353 (7.4) | |
Two or more | 5589 (64.3) | 2476 (28.5) | 630 (7.2) | |
Ethnicity | <0.001 | |||
Han Chinese | 6456 (70.1) | 2204 (23.9) | 551 (6.0) | |
Minority Chinese | 2439 (57.5) | 1369 (32.3) | 432 (10.2) | |
Educational level | <0.001 | |||
Middle school or below | 3973 (58.0) | 2286 (33.4) | 593 (8.7) | |
High school | 1865 (67.6) | 713 (25.8) | 182 (6.6) | |
College and university | 3057 (79.6) | 574 (15.0) | 208 (5.4) | |
Registered residence | <0.001 | |||
In urban areas | 3975 (74.8) | 1013 (19.1) | 327 (6.2) | |
In rural areas | 4920 (60.5) | 2560 (31.5) | 656 (8.1) | |
Monthly family income, CNY | <0.001 | |||
<5000 | 3392 (60.0) | 1763 (31.2) | 500 (8.8) | |
5000–7499 | 2354 (67.2) | 924 (26.4) | 226 (6.4) | |
≥7500 | 3149 (73.4) | 886 (20.6) | 257 (6.0) | |
Adult vaccine hesitancy | <0.001 | |||
Mean ± SD | 20.50 ± 4.33 | 21.21 ± 4.17 | 23.78 ± 4.39 |
Odds Ratio (OR) Value (95% CI) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Respondents | Pneumonia Vaccine | Influenza Vaccine | Rotavirus Vaccine | EV-71 Vaccine | Intent to Accept Child COVID-19 Vaccine | |
Children’s age (years) | ||||||
0–5 | 4542 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
6–10 | 4830 | 2.5 (2.1, 2.9) * | 1.9 (1.7, 2.2) * | 3.2 (2.7, 3.9) * | 2.9 (2.4, 3.6) * | 0.2 (0.1, 0.2) * |
11–18 | 4079 | 1.8 (1.6, 2.1) * | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) * | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) * | 1.6 (1.3, 2.0) * | 0.3 (0.3, 0.3) * |
Respondents’ age (years) | ||||||
20–29 | 1686 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
30–39 | 7824 | 1.0 (0.8, 2.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
40–49 | 3941 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
Number of children | ||||||
Single | 4756 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Two or more | 8695 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) * | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) * | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Han Chinese | 9211 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Minority Chinese | 4240 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) * | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) * | 1.3 (1.2, 1.5) * | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) * | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) * |
Educational level | ||||||
Middle school or below | 6852 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
High school | 2760 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) * | 0.6 (0.5, 0.7) * | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) * |
College and university | 3839 | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) * | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) * |
Registered residence | ||||||
In urban areas | 5315 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
In rural areas | 8316 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) * |
Monthly family income, CNY | ||||||
<5000 | 5655 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
5000–7499 | 3504 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) |
≥7500 | 4292 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
Medical history of pneumonia | ||||||
No | 11,439 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 2012 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) * | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) |
Medical history of influenza | ||||||
No | 10,243 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 3208 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) * | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) * | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.0) |
Medical history of diarrhea | ||||||
No | 10,913 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 2538 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.7) * | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) |
Medical history of hand, foot and mouth disease | ||||||
No | 12,470 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Yes | 981 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) * | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) * | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) * | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) |
History of AEFI ** | ||||||
No/not sure | 13,126 | - | - | - | - | 1.0 |
Yes | 325 | - | - | - | - | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) * |
Adult vaccine hesitancy | ||||||
per incremental 1 score | - | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) * | 0.9 (0.9, 0.9) * |
Vaccine Effectiveness 95% vs. 80% | Mild Common AEFI 1 Day of Headache, Fatigue vs. 1–2 Days of Fever | Rare but Severe AEFI No Risk vs. Same Risk as Flu Vaccine | No. Doses 1 Dose vs. 2 Doses | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 13,451) | ||||
% Pos * | 79.2 | 90.1 | 85.3 | 61.5 |
Estimate (SD) | 1.138 | 1.993 | 1.731 | 0.788 |
SD | 1.001 | 1.020 | 1.021 | 1.022 |
p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Vaccine hesitancy score ≤18 (n = 4055) | ||||
% Pos * | 77.2 | 87.5 | 79.7 | 66.9 |
Estimate | 1.137 | 1.889 | 1.675 | 0.827 |
SD | 1.002 | 1.030 | 1.040 | 1.041 |
p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Vaccine hesitancy score 19–24 (n = 6591) | ||||
% Pos * | 81.5 | 92.4 | 83.8 | 59.7 |
Estimate | 1.140 | 2.070 | 1.724 | 0.759 |
SD | 1.002 | 1.038 | 1.031 | 1.032 |
p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Vaccine hesitancy score ≥25 (n = 2805) | ||||
% Pos * | 76.7 | 94.3 | 89.3 | 63.1 |
Estimate | 1.135 | 2.136 | 1.835 | 0.798 |
SD | 1.003 | 1.046 | 1.048 | 1.049 |
p value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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A, K.; Lu, X.; Wang, J.; Hu, L.; Li, B.; Lu, Y. Association between Adult Vaccine Hesitancy and Parental Acceptance of Childhood COVID-19 Vaccines: A Web-Based Survey in a Northwestern Region in China. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101088
A K, Lu X, Wang J, Hu L, Li B, Lu Y. Association between Adult Vaccine Hesitancy and Parental Acceptance of Childhood COVID-19 Vaccines: A Web-Based Survey in a Northwestern Region in China. Vaccines. 2021; 9(10):1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101088
Chicago/Turabian StyleA, Kezhong, Xinyue Lu, Jing Wang, Linjie Hu, Bingzhe Li, and Yihan Lu. 2021. "Association between Adult Vaccine Hesitancy and Parental Acceptance of Childhood COVID-19 Vaccines: A Web-Based Survey in a Northwestern Region in China" Vaccines 9, no. 10: 1088. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101088