History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. History of the Immunotherapy Using P. insidiosum Antigens
3. Preparation of P. insidiosum Antigens for Pythiosis Immunotherapy
4. Clinical Application of Immunotherapy in Human Pythiosis
5. Immunotherapy Using P. insidiosum Antigen in Animals with Pythiosis
6. Proposed Mechanism of P. insidiosum Antigen-Based Immunotherapy
7. Future Perspective
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Authors | Year of Publication | Country | Study Period | Number of Vascular Cases | PIA-Immunized Cases | PIA-Unimmunized Cases | References | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Survived | Dead | Number | Survived | Dead | ||||||
Sathapatayavongs et al. and Tanphaichitra et al. | 1989 | Thailand | (unknown) | 5 | - | - | - | 5 | 3 | 2 | [161,162] * |
Chetchotisakd et al. | 1992 | Thailand | 1988–1989 | 4 | - | - | - | 4 | 2 | 2 | [163] |
Wanachiwanawin et al. | 1993 | Thailand | 1983–1989 | 6 | - | - | - | 6 | 2 | 4 | [110] |
Thitithanyanont et al. | 1998 | Thailand | 1995 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | [107] |
Prasertwitayakij et al. | 2003 | Thailand | (unknown) | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | [51] |
Wanachiwanawin et al. | 2004 | Thailand | 1998–2002 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 2 | - | - | - | [131] |
Pupaibool et al. | 2006 | Thailand | (unknown) | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | [154] |
Laohapensang et al. | 2009, 2005 | Thailand | 2001–2004 | 7 | 1 | 1 | - | 6 | 5 | 1 | [50,153] * |
Narkwiboonwong et al. | 2011 | Thailand | (unknown) | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | [108] |
Salipante et al. | 2012 | USA | (unknown) | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | [155] |
Keoprasom et al. | 2013 | Thailand | (unknown) | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | [157] |
Schloemer et al. | 2013 | USA | (unknown) | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | [156] |
Hahtapornsawan et al. | 2014 | Thailand | (unknown) | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | [158] |
Pan et al. | 2014 | USA | (unknown) | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | [7] |
Reanpang et al. and Sudjaritruk et al. | 2015, 2011 | Thailand | 2004–2014 | 22 | 18 | 14 | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | [149,152] * |
Sermsathanasawadi et al. | 2016 | Thailand | 2005–2015 | 11 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | [109] |
Worasilchai et al. | 2018 | Thailand | 2010–2016 | 50 | 50 | 45 | 5 | - | - | - | [151] |
Chitasombat et al. and Khunkhet et al. | 2018, 2015 | Thailand | 2006–2016 | 13 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | [2,13,159] * |
Susaengrat et al. | 2019 | Thailand | (unknown) | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - | [90] |
Torvorapanit et al. | 2021 | Thailand | 2019–2020 | 9 | - | - | - | 9 | 8 | 1 | [164] |
Total (%) | 147 | 108 (100%) | 87 (80.6%) | 21 (19.4%) | 39 (100%) | 23 (59.0%) | 16 (41.0%) |
Authors | Year of Publication | Country | Study Period | Number of Cases | PIA-Immunized Cases | Clinical Outcome | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eye Saved | Eye Removed | |||||||
Virgile et al. | 1993 | USA | 1989 | 1 | - | 1 | - | [165] |
Murdoch et al. | 1997 | New Zealand | 1984 | 1 | - | - | 1 | [9] |
Badenoch et al. | 2001 | Australia | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [166] |
Krajaejun et al. | 2004 | Thailand | 1985–2003 | 11 | - | 1 | 10 | [167] |
Badenoch et al. | 2009 | Australia | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [168] |
Lekhanont et al. | 2009 | Thailand | (unknown) | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | [150] |
Tanhehco et al. | 2011 | USA | (unknown) | 1 | - | - | 1 | [169] |
Barequet et al. | 2013 | Israel | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [170] |
del Castillo-Jiménez et al. | 2013 | Spain | 2009 | 1 | - | - | 1 | [171] |
Thanathanee et al. | 2013 | Thailand | 2009 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | [132] |
Hung et al. | 2014 | Canada | (unknown) | 1 | - | - | 1 | [8] |
Sharma et al. | 2015 | India | 2010–2012, 2014 | 11 | - | 9 | 2 | [172] |
Lelievre et al. | 2015 | France | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [173] |
Ramappa et al. | 2016 | India | 2016 | 1 | - | 1 | - | [97] |
He et al. | 2016 | China | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [54] |
Ros Castellar et al. | 2017 | Spain | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [174] |
Raghavan et al. | 2018 | India | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [175] |
Agarwal et al. | 2018 | India | 2014–2016 | 10 | - | 8 | 2 | [176] |
Chatterjee et al. | 2018 | India | 2017 | 1 | - | 1 | - | [96] |
Anutarapongpan et al. | 2018 | Thailand | 2009–2015 | 21 | - | 6 | 15 | [177] |
Neufeld et al. | 2018 | USA | (unknown) | 1 | - | - | 1 | [178] |
Rathi et al. | 2018 | India | (unknown) | 1 | 1 | - | 1 * | [1] |
Maeno et al. | 2019 | Japan | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [53] |
Bernheim et al. | 2019 | France | (unknown) | 1 | - | 1 | - | [47] |
Permpalung et al. | 2019 | Thailand | 2010–2016 | 30 | 30 | 16 | 14 | [127] |
Wang et al. | 2020 | China | 2008–2017 | 4 | - | 1 | 3 | [179] |
Puangsricharern et al. | 2021 | Thailand | 2006–2019 | 9 | - | 3 | 6 | [180] |
Gurnani et al. | 2021 | India | 2017–2020 | 26 | - | 26 | - | [181] |
Vishwakarma et al. | 2021 | India | 2016–2018 | 18 | - | 15 | 3 | [182] |
Nonpassopon et al. | 2021 | Thailand | 2009–2019 | 6 | - | 5 | 1 | [183] |
Total (%) | 168 (100%) | 35 (20.8%) | 104 (61.9%) | 64 (38.1%) |
Clinical Features Presented as % [Case Ratio] | PIA-Immunized Cases (n = 67) | PIA-Unimmunized Cases (n = 38) |
---|---|---|
1. Age (years) | 40.9 (range: 10–75) | 41.4 (range: 17–73) |
2. Male:Female | 5:1 | 2.4:1 |
3. Underlying hematologic disorder | 91.0 [61/67] | 100.0 [38/38] |
4. Infection site | ||
Head and neck | 6.0 [4/67] | - |
Upper limb | 1.5 [1/67] | - |
Lower limb | 92.5 [62/67] | 100.0 [38/38] |
Aorta/Iliac artery | 33.9 [21/62] | 44.7 [17/38] |
Femoral/Popliteal artery | 53.2 [33/62] | 52.6 [20/38] |
Tibial/Peroneal/Dorsalis pedis | 12.9 [8/62] | 2.6 [1/38] |
5. Limb amputation | ||
Survived | 61.2 [41/67] | 57.9 [22/38] |
Dead | 23.9 [16/67] | 31.6 [12/38] |
6. No surgical amputation | ||
Survived | 9.0 [6/67] | 0.0 [0/38] |
Dead | 6.0 [4/67] | 10.5 [4/38] |
7. Mortality rate based on infection site | ||
Overall | 29.9 [20/67] | 42.1 [16/38] |
Head and neck | 50.0 [2/4] | - |
Upper limb | 0.0 [0/1] | - |
Lower limb | 29.0 [18/62] | 42.1 [16/38] |
Aorta/Iliac artery | 61.9 [13/21] | 88.2 [15/17] |
Femoral/Popliteal artery | 15.2 [5/33] | 5.0 [1/20] |
Tibial/Peroneal/Dorsalis pedis | 0.0 [0/8] | 0.0 [0/1] |
8. Disease duration before treatment | (n = 51) * | (n = 34) * |
≤2 months | 28.6 [6/21] | 25.0 [5/20] |
>2 months | 33.3 [10/30] | 50.0 [7/14] |
Authors | Year of Publication | Country | Study Period | Affected Animal | Infected Tissue | PIA-Immunized Cases | Clinical Outcome | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cured | Unresponsive or Dead | ||||||||
Miller RI. | 1981 | Australia | 1977–1981 | Horse | Skin | 40 | 33 | 7 | [119] |
Miller et al. | 1983 | USA | (unknown) | Horse | Skin | 5 | 1 | 4 | [126] |
Miller et al. | 1985 | USA | 1983 | Calf | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [133] |
Mendoza et al. | 1992 | Costa Rica | 1982–1988 | Horse | Skin | 71 | 47 | 24 | [123] |
Duncan et al. | 1992 | USA | (unknown) | Cat | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [27] |
Eaton SA. | 1993 | USA | (unknown) | Horse | Skin, Bone | 1 | - | 1 | [198] |
Thomas et al. | 1998 | USA | (unknown) | Cat | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [194] |
Dowling et al. | 1999 | Australia | (unknown) | Horse | Skin | 2 | 1 | 1 | [199] |
Dykstra et al. | 1999 | USA | 1985–1995 | Dog | Skin | 2 | - | 2 | [191] |
Santurio et al. | 2001 | Brazil | 1996–1997 | Horse | Skin | 35 | 26 | 9 | [144] |
Reis et al. | 2003 | Brazil | 1996–1999 | Horse | Skin, Lung, Liver | 1 | - | 1 | [58] |
Hensel et al. | 2003 | USA | (unknown) | Dog | Skin | 1 | 1 | - | [192] |
Mendoza et al. | 2003 | USA | (unknown) | Horse | Skin | 18 | 13 | 5 | [121] |
Dog | Skin | 5 | 2 | 3 | |||||
Dog | Intestine | 1 | - | 1 | |||||
Wellehan et al. | 2004 | USA | (unknown) | Camel | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [29] |
Mendoza et al. | 2004 | USA | (unknown) | Cat | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [137] |
White et al. | 2008 | USA | (unknown) | Horse | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [139] |
de Faria Maciel et al. | 2008 | Brazil | 2006–2007 | Horse | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [200] |
Frey Jr. et al. | 2007 | Brazil | 2004–2005 | Horse | Skin, Bone | 10 | 5 | 5 | [201] |
Bandeira et al. | 2009 | Brazil | (unknown) | Horse | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [202] |
dos Santos et al. | 2011 | Brazil | 2007–2009 | Donkey | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [128] |
de Avila et al. | 2011 | Brazil | 2010 | Horse | Skin | 1 | 1 | - | [197] |
Schmiedt et al. | 2012 | USA | (unknown) | Dog | Intestine | 1 | 1 | - | [140] |
Videla et al. | 2012 | USA | 2009 | Camel | Skin | 2 | 1 | 1 | [124] |
Pereira et al. | 2013 | Brazil | (unknown) | Dog | Intestine | 1 | 1 | - | [129] |
Carrera et al. | 2013 | Brazil | 2011 | Sheep | Nasal | 6 | 1 | 5 | [193] |
dos Santos et al. | 2014 | Brazil | 2007–2010 | Horse | Skin | 47 | 38 | 9 | [46] |
Oldenhoff et al. | 2014 | USA | 2012 | Dog | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [141] |
Grant et al. | 2016 | USA | (unknown) | Calf | Skin | 1 | 1 | - | [130] |
Gaddis et al. | 2017 | USA | (unknown) | Dog | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [125] |
Silva et al. | 2018 | Brazil | (unknown) | Horse | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [203] |
Dowst et al. | 2019 | USA | (unknown) | Cat | Skin | 1 | - | 1 | [25] |
Parambeth et al. | 2019 | USA | (unknown) | Dog | Intestine | 1 | - | 1 | [57] |
Di Filippo et al. | 2020 | Brazil | (unknown) | Horse | Skin, Bone | 1 | - | 1 | [204] |
Cridge, et al. | 2020 | USA | 2018–2019 | Dog | Intestine | 1 | 1 | - | [205] |
da Paz et al. | 2021 | Brazil | 2018 | Horse | Skin | 3 | 2 | 1 | [118] |
Total (%) | 270 (100%) | 176 (65.2%) | 94 (34.8%) |
Animal Species | PIA-Immunized Cases | PIA-Unimmunized Cases | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Cases | Cured | Unresponsive or Dead | Number of Cases | Cured | Unresponsive or Dead | References | |
Horses | 239 (100%) | 167 (69.9%) | 72 (30.1%) | 170 (100%) | 125 (73.5%) | 45 (26.5%) | [19,46,49,58,87,89,92,93,94,105,118,207,208,209,210,211,212,213,214] |
Dogs | 15 (100%) | 6 (40.0%) | 9 (60.0%) | 75 (100%) | 17 (22.7%) | 58 (77.3%) | [6,20,21,23,45,55,56,85,141,191,205,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,234,235] |
Cows | 2 (100%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | 128 (100%) | 127 (99.2%) | 1 (0.8%) | [133,236,237,238,239,240,241] |
Sheep | 6 (100%) | 1 (16.7%) | 5 (83.3%) | 1 (100%) | - | 1 (100.0%) | [193] |
Cats | 4 (100%) | - | 4 (100.0%) | 2 (100%) | 1 (50.0%) | 1 (50.0%) | [48,194] |
Donkeys | 1 (100%) | - | 1 (100.0%) | 1 (100%) | 1 (100.0%) | - | [44] |
Camels | 3 (100%) | 1 (33.3%) | 2 (66.7%) | - | - | - | [29,124] |
Total | 270 (100%) | 176 (65.2%) | 94 (34.8%) | 377 (100%) | 271 (71.9%) | 106 (28.1%) |
Authors | Year of Report | Type of Antigen * | Source of Antigen or Isolate (Number, Country) ** | Source of Pythiosis Sera (Number; Country) *** | The Molecular Weight of Immunogen (kDa) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mendoza et al. | 1992 | SABH | Horses (4, Australia, Costa Rica, Japan, USA); Human (1, Thailand) | Horses (5, Costa Rica) | 28, 30, 32 | [134] |
Vanittanakom et al. | 2004 | CFA | Human (1, Thailand) | Human (1, Thailand); Rabbit (1, unknown) | 23, 26, 28–30, 42–35, 56, 73, 110 | [276] |
Leal et al. | 2005 | SABH | Horse (1, Brazil) | Horses (3, Brazil); Cows (2, Brazil); Rabbits (2, unknown) | 33.5, 35, 38, 39, 40, 70, 80 | [273] |
Perez et al. | 2005 | SABH | Horse (1, Costa Rica) | Calves (57, Venezuela) | 30–32, 51–203 | [274] |
Krajaejun et al. | 2006 | CFA, SABH | Humans (16, Thailand) | Humans (12, Thailand) | 34–43, 74 | [271] |
Supabandhu et al. | 2008 | CFA | Environment (7, Thailand) | Rabbit (1, unknown) | 35–40, 70 | [37] |
Chindamporn et al. | 2009 | SABH | Horses (4, New Guinea, Australia, Costa Rica, USA); Humans (2, Thailand) | Human (1, USA); Humans (2, Thailand); Horses (2, USA); Horse (1, Costa Rica); Dogs (3, USA); Cows (3, Venezuela); Cats (3, USA) | 23, 28, 30, 32, 34, 41, 46, 49, 51, 60, 74, 76, 78, 80, 124, 209 | [145] |
Lerksuthirat et al. | 2015 | Recombinant ELI025 protein | E. coli-based protein synthesis | Humans (3, Thailand); Rabbit (1, unknown) | 12.4 | [279] |
Keeratijarut et al. | 2013, 2015 | Exo1 peptides | Peptide synthesis (Peptide-A and -B) | Humans (34, Thailand) | (14, 15 amino acids) | [280,281] |
Dal Ben et al. | 2018 | SABH | Horses (20, Brazil); Dogs (2, Brazil) | Horse (1, Brazil); Dog (1, Brazil); Cow (1, Brazil); Rabbit (1, unknown) | 24, 34, 50–55, 60 | [272] |
Sae-Chew et al. | 2020 | Synthesized I06 protein | Cell-free protein synthesis | Humans (21, Thailand) | 55 | [275] |
Rotchanapreeda et al. | 2020 | Recombinant Exo1 protein | E. coli-based protein synthesis | Humans (12, Thailand) | 82 | [277] |
Chechi et al. | 2021 | SABH | Horse (1, Brazil) | Horses (22, Brazil); Humans (10, Thailand) | 25, 28, 31, 35, 37, 38, 43, 48, 53, 57, 63, 68, 69, 86, 88 | [278] |
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Yolanda, H.; Krajaejun, T. History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101080
Yolanda H, Krajaejun T. History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis. Vaccines. 2021; 9(10):1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101080
Chicago/Turabian StyleYolanda, Hanna, and Theerapong Krajaejun. 2021. "History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis" Vaccines 9, no. 10: 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101080
APA StyleYolanda, H., & Krajaejun, T. (2021). History and Perspective of Immunotherapy for Pythiosis. Vaccines, 9(10), 1080. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101080