Socioeconomic Determinants in Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Refusal in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy
3.2. Determinants of Vaccine Refusal
4. Discussion
4.1. Economic Hardship and Education Level
4.2. Effect of Equally Shared Decision-Making Process between Parents
4.3. Role of Past Experience of Adverse Events Following Previous Vaccine Administration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics of the Sample | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
Perceived family economic hardship | None | 919 | 23.8% |
Low | 1880 | 48.6% | |
Moderate | 907 | 23.5% | |
Severe | 159 | 4.1% | |
Mother’s education * | Degree | 2721 | 70.5% |
High school | 1057 | 27.4% | |
Primary school | 84 | 2.2% | |
Father’s education * | Degree | 1865 | 48.5% |
High school | 1600 | 41.6% | |
Primary school | 378 | 9.8% | |
Parents’ decision making about vaccination | Equally shared | 3063 | 79.2% |
Mainly mother | 677 | 17.5% | |
Mainly father | 125 | 3.2% | |
Adverse events following vaccination (self-reported) * | None | 1324 | 39.8% |
Mild | 1799 | 54.0% | |
Moderate | 200 | 6.0% | |
Severe | 7 | 0.2% | |
Mother’s age (years; mean, SD) | 37.4 | 4.9 | |
Father’s age (years; mean, SD) | 40.1 | 5.7 | |
Foreign mother | 83 | 2.1% | |
Foreign father | 83 | 2.2% | |
Employment status * | Both parents employed | 3105 | 81.0% |
Only father employed | 653 | 17.0% | |
Only mother employed | 77 | 2.0% | |
Parent employed in healthcare (at least one) | 774 | 20.2% | |
Noncohabiting parents | 82 | 2.1% | |
Total | 3865 | 100.0% |
Determinants | Hesitant Parents | Antivaccine Parents | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | ||||
Ref. Provaccine parents | |||||||
Perceived family economic hardship | None | ||||||
Low | 1.341 | 1.080 | 1.665 | 1.182 | 0.721 | 1.936 | |
Moderate | 1.421 | 1.100 | 1.837 | 1.255 | 0.717 | 2.197 | |
Severe | 1.590 | 1.001 | 2.525 | 0.863 | 0.310 | 2.404 | |
Mother’s education | Degree | ||||||
High school | 0.845 | 0.683 | 1.045 | 1.895 | 1.226 | 2.929 | |
Primary school | 0.867 | 0.442 | 1.697 | 3.395 | 1.241 | 9.284 | |
Father’s education | Degree | ||||||
High school | 1.204 | 0.999 | 1.451 | 1.991 | 1.275 | 3.107 | |
Primary school | 0.932 | 0.669 | 1.299 | 2.635 | 1.406 | 4.936 | |
Parents’ decision making about vaccination | Equally shared | ||||||
Mainly mother | 2.816 | 2.289 | 3.465 | 1.674 | 1.022 | 2.742 | |
Mainly father | 3.564 | 2.307 | 5.505 | 3.182 | 1.266 | 7.997 | |
Adverse events following vaccination (self-reported) | None | ||||||
Mild | 1.192 | 0.996 | 1.426 | - | - | - | |
Moderate | 3.356 | 2.417 | 4.660 | - | - | - | |
Severe | 8.649 | 1.489 | 50.256 | - | - | - | |
Mother’s age (years) | 0.988 | 0.963 | 1.014 | 0.997 | 0.944 | 1.053 | |
Father’s age (years) | 1.014 | 0.994 | 1.035 | 1.005 | 0.962 | 1.049 | |
Foreign mother | 0.593 | 0.309 | 1.139 | 0.582 | 0.113 | 2.994 | |
Foreign father | 1.137 | 0.634 | 2.039 | 1.427 | 0.399 | 5.106 | |
Employment status | Both parents employed | ||||||
Only father employed | 0.984 | 0.774 | 1.250 | 0.988 | 0.598 | 1.631 | |
Only mother employed | 0.942 | 0.509 | 1.745 | 0.375 | 0.049 | 2.883 | |
Parent employed in healthcare (at least one) | 0.995 | 0.802 | 1.234 | 1.315 | 0.815 | 2.124 | |
Noncohabiting parents | 1.067 | 0.579 | 1.965 | 0.325 | 0.040 | 2.641 |
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Bertoncello, C.; Ferro, A.; Fonzo, M.; Zanovello, S.; Napoletano, G.; Russo, F.; Baldo, V.; Cocchio, S. Socioeconomic Determinants in Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Refusal in Italy. Vaccines 2020, 8, 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020276
Bertoncello C, Ferro A, Fonzo M, Zanovello S, Napoletano G, Russo F, Baldo V, Cocchio S. Socioeconomic Determinants in Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Refusal in Italy. Vaccines. 2020; 8(2):276. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020276
Chicago/Turabian StyleBertoncello, Chiara, Antonio Ferro, Marco Fonzo, Sofia Zanovello, Giuseppina Napoletano, Francesca Russo, Vincenzo Baldo, and Silvia Cocchio. 2020. "Socioeconomic Determinants in Vaccine Hesitancy and Vaccine Refusal in Italy" Vaccines 8, no. 2: 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020276