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Vaccines
Volume 8
Issue 2
10.3390/vaccines8020274
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Communication

The Tat Protein of HIV-1 Prevents the Loss of HSV-Specific Memory Adaptive Responses and Favors the Control of Viral Reactivation

by
Francesco Nicoli
1,*,
Eleonora Gallerani
1,
Mariaconcetta Sicurella
1,
Salvatore Pacifico
1,
Aurelio Cafaro
2,
Barbara Ensoli
2,
Peggy Marconi
1,
Antonella Caputo
1,† and
Riccardo Gavioli
1,†
1
Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
2
AIDS National Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Shared senior authorship.
Vaccines 2020, 8(2), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020274
Submission received: 28 April 2020 / Revised: 27 May 2020 / Accepted: 1 June 2020 / Published: 4 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Herpes Simplex Viruses)
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Abstract

The development of therapeutic strategies to control the reactivation of the Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is an unaddressed priority. In this study, we evaluated whether Tat, a HIV-1 protein displaying adjuvant functions, could improve previously established HSV-specific memory responses and prevent viral reactivation. To this aim, mice were infected with non-lethal doses of HSV-1 and, 44 days later, injected or not with Tat. Mice were then monitored to check their health status and measure memory HSV-specific cellular and humoral responses. The appearance of symptoms associated with HSV-reactivation was observed at significantly higher frequencies in the control group than in the Tat-treated mice. In addition, the control animals experienced a time-dependent decrease in HSV-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG), while the Tat-treated mice maintained antibody titers over time. IgG levels were directly correlated with the number of HSV-specific CD8+ T cells, suggesting an effect of Tat on both arms of the adaptive immunity. Consistent with the maintenance of HSV-specific immune memory, Tat-treated mice showed a better control of HSV-1 re-infection. Although further studies are necessary to assess whether similar effects are observed in other models, these results indicate that Tat exerts a therapeutic effect against latent HSV-1 infection and re-infection by favoring the maintenance of adaptive immunity.
Keywords: biologically active HIV-1 Tat protein; HSV-1 infection; HSV-1 immune responses; persistence of HSV-immune memory biologically active HIV-1 Tat protein; HSV-1 infection; HSV-1 immune responses; persistence of HSV-immune memory

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nicoli, F.; Gallerani, E.; Sicurella, M.; Pacifico, S.; Cafaro, A.; Ensoli, B.; Marconi, P.; Caputo, A.; Gavioli, R. The Tat Protein of HIV-1 Prevents the Loss of HSV-Specific Memory Adaptive Responses and Favors the Control of Viral Reactivation. Vaccines 2020, 8, 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020274

AMA Style

Nicoli F, Gallerani E, Sicurella M, Pacifico S, Cafaro A, Ensoli B, Marconi P, Caputo A, Gavioli R. The Tat Protein of HIV-1 Prevents the Loss of HSV-Specific Memory Adaptive Responses and Favors the Control of Viral Reactivation. Vaccines. 2020; 8(2):274. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020274

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicoli, Francesco, Eleonora Gallerani, Mariaconcetta Sicurella, Salvatore Pacifico, Aurelio Cafaro, Barbara Ensoli, Peggy Marconi, Antonella Caputo, and Riccardo Gavioli. 2020. "The Tat Protein of HIV-1 Prevents the Loss of HSV-Specific Memory Adaptive Responses and Favors the Control of Viral Reactivation" Vaccines 8, no. 2: 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020274

APA Style

Nicoli, F., Gallerani, E., Sicurella, M., Pacifico, S., Cafaro, A., Ensoli, B., Marconi, P., Caputo, A., & Gavioli, R. (2020). The Tat Protein of HIV-1 Prevents the Loss of HSV-Specific Memory Adaptive Responses and Favors the Control of Viral Reactivation. Vaccines, 8(2), 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020274

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