Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and Recommendation: The Difference between General Practitioners and Public Health Workers in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Sample Characteristics
3.2. Reasons for Not Being Vaccinated
3.3. HCWs’ Knowledge of Target Groups
3.4. Multivariate Predictors of Vaccination
3.5. Multivariate Predictors of Recommendation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Public Health Workers, n (%) | General Practitioners, n (%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | |||
Vaccination history in the previous season | <0.01 * | ||
Vaccinated | 191 (30.5) | 102 (19.2) | |
Unvaccinated | 436 (69.5) | 430 (80.8) | |
Recommended influenza vaccination to children | <0.01 * | ||
Yes | 391 (62.4) | 261 (49.1) | |
No | 236 (37.6) | 271 (50.9) | |
Recommended influenza vaccination to elderly | <0.01 * | ||
Yes | 427 (68.1) | 291 (54.7) | |
No | 200 (31.9) | 241 (45.3) | |
Knowledge and perception of influenza vaccination | |||
Self-reported high severity of influenza | 0.01 | ||
Yes | 320 (51.0) | 233 (43.8) | |
No | 307 (49.0) | 299 (56.2) | |
Self-reported high possibility of catching influenza | 0.95 | ||
Yes | 172 (27.4) | 145 (27.3) | |
No | 455 (72.6) | 387 (72.7) | |
Knowledge-The best timing to vaccinate is 1–2 months before the influenza epidemic peak | 0.18 | ||
Yes | 491 (78.3) | 399 (75.0) | |
No | 136 (21.7) | 133 (25.0) | |
Knowledge-The incubation period of influenza is 1–4 days | <0.01 * | ||
Yes | 293 (46.7) | 292 (54.9) | |
No | 334 (53.3) | 240 (45.1) | |
Knowledge-Influenza virus in droplets can live for 30 minutes in the air | 0.50 | ||
Yes | 169 (27.0) | 134 (25.2) | |
No | 458 (73.0) | 398 (74.8) | |
General characteristics | |||
Age (years) | <0.01 * | ||
<30 | 200 (31.9) | 103 (19.4) | |
30–39 | 229 (36.5) | 205 (38.5) | |
40–49 | 164 (26.2) | 160 (30.1) | |
≥50 | 34 (5.4) | 64 (12.0) | |
Gender | <0.01 * | ||
Female | 566 (90.3) | 343 (64.5) | |
Male | 61 (9.7) | 189 (35.5) | |
Education level | <0.01 * | ||
High school and below | 82 (13.1) | 69 (13.0) | |
Junior college | 284 (45.3) | 166 (31.2) | |
Bachelor and above | 261 (41.6) | 297 (55.8) | |
Monthly income (CNY) | <0.01 * | ||
≤3000 | 293 (46.7) | 147 (27.6) | |
3001–4000 | 114 (18.2) | 112 (21.1) | |
4001–5000 | 97 (15.5) | 121 (22.7) | |
>5000 | 123 (19.6) | 152 (28.6) | |
Having children under 6 years | 0.96 | ||
Yes | 236 (37.6) | 201 (37.8) | |
No | 391 (62.4) | 331 (62.2) | |
Self-reported good health status | 0.10 | ||
Yes | 441 (70.3) | 397 (74.6) | |
No | 186 (29.7) | 135 (25.4) | |
Having chronic diseases | 0.17 | ||
Yes | 46 (7.3) | 51 (9.6) | |
No | 581 (92.7) | 481 (90.4) | |
Place of residence | 0.74 | ||
Rural | 238 (38.0) | 207 (38.9) | |
Urban | 389 (62.0) | 325 (1.1) |
Public Health Workers (n = 436) | General Practitioners (n = 430) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
No need to get vaccinated | 205 | 47.0 | 282 | 65.6 |
High vaccine price | 54 | 12.4 | 65 | 15.1 |
Vaccine shortage in local areas | 59 | 13.5 | 29 | 6.7 |
Worry about adverse reactions | 29 | 6.7 | 42 | 9.8 |
Allergic contraindications | 34 | 7.8 | 30 | 7.0 |
Low vaccine efficacy | 22 | 5.0 | 39 | 9.1 |
Inadequate vaccine accessibility | 19 | 4.4 | 28 | 6.5 |
Other reasons | 109 | 25.0 | 80 | 18.6 |
Vaccination Status | Type of HCWs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccinated, n (%) | Unvaccinated, n (%) | p-Value | Public Health Workers, n (%) | General PractitioNers, n (%) | p-Value | |
Knowing HCWs are among target groups | 268 (91.5) | 615 (77.1) | <0.01 * | 504 (80.4) | 432 (81.2) | 0.72 |
Knowing children aged 6–59 months are among target groups | 232 (79.2) | 615 (71.0) | <0.01 * | 458 (73.1) | 389 (73.1) | 0.98 |
Knowing the elderly ≥60 years are among target groups | 282 (96.3) | 773 (89.3) | <0.01 * | 576 (91.9) | 479 (90.0) | 0.28 |
Knowing patients with chronic diseases are among target groups | 243 (82.9) | 655 (75.6) | 0.01 * | 466 (74.3) | 432 (81.2) | < 0.01 * |
Knowing family members and caregivers of infants under six months are among target groups | 229 (78.2) | 581 (67.1) | <0.01 * | 432 (68.9) | 378 (71.1) | 0.43 |
Knowing pregnant women are among target groups | 124 (42.3) | 340 (39.3) | 0.36 | 240 (38.3) | 42.1 | 0.19 |
Title | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Type of HCWs | ||
General practitioner | Reference | |
public health worker | 2.20 (1.59–3.05) | <0.01 * |
Know HCWs are among the priority groups for vaccination | 2.61 (1.63–4.16) | <0.01 * |
Self-reported high severity of influenza | 1.56 (1.12-2.17) | <0.01 * |
Self-reported high possibility of catching influenza | 1.92 (1.36–2.71) | <0.01 * |
Know the best timing to vaccinate is 1–2 months before the influenza epidemic peak | 1.46 (1.00–2.12) | 0.05 |
Know the incubation period of influenza is 1–4 days | 0.74 (0.55–1.00) | 0.05 |
Know influenza virus in droplets can live for 30 minutes in the air | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 0.38 |
Age (years) | ||
<30 | Reference | |
30–39 | 2.08 (1.35–3.20) | <0.01 * |
40–49 | 2.72 (1.67–4.45) | <0.01 * |
≥50 | 3.50 (1.78–6.91) | <0.01 * |
Gender | ||
Female | Reference | |
Male | 0.84 (0.56–1.25) | 0.38 |
Education level | ||
High school and below | Reference | |
Junior college | 1.24 (0.75–2.04) | 0.40 |
Bachelor and above | 1.18 (0.69–2.01) | 0.56 |
Monthly income (CNY) | ||
≤3000 | Reference | |
3001–4000 | 0.95 (0.60–1.49) | 0.81 |
4001–5000 | 1.13 (0.69–1.85) | 0.62 |
>5000 | 1.37 (0.77–2.44) | 0.28 |
Having children under 6 years | 1.41 (0.99–2.00) | 0.06 |
Self-reported good health status | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) | 0.85 |
Having chronic diseases | 1.12 (0.65–1.91) | 0.69 |
Place of residence | ||
Rural | Reference | |
Urban | 1.01 (0.73–1.40) | 0.95 |
Recommendation to Children | Recommendation to the Elderly | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Vaccinated in the previous season | 2.79 (1.99–3.93) | <0.01 * | 2.80 (1.96–4.00) | <0.01 * |
Type of HCWs | ||||
General practitioner | Reference | Reference | ||
public health worker | 2.10 (1.57–2.80) | <0.01 * | 1.69 (1.26–2.25) | <0.01 * |
Know children (the elderly) are among the target groups for vaccination | 2.20 (1.63–2.96) | < 0.01 * | 3.45 (2.13–5.59) | <0.01 * |
Self-reported high severity of influenza | 1.18 (0.88–1.58) | 0.26 | 1.22 (0.91–1.63) | 0.19 |
Self-reported high possibility of catching influenza | 1.31 (0.94–1.83) | 0.12 | 1.24 (0.89–1.75) | 0.21 |
Know the best timing to vaccinate against influenza is 1-2 months before the influenza epidemic peak | 1.43 (1.05–1.95) | 0.02 * | 1.77 (1.30–2.42) | <0.01 * |
Know the incubation period of influenza is 1-4 days | 1.21 (0.92–1.59) | 0.18 | 1.47 (1.12–1.95) | <0.01 * |
Know influenza virus in droplets can live for 30 minutes in the air | 1.06 (0.79–1.43) | 0.70 | 1.29 (0.95-1.75) | 0.10 |
Age (years) | ||||
<30 | Reference | |||
30–39 | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | 0.66 | 0.94 (0.65–1.35) | 0.72 |
40–49 | 1.18 (0.77–1.8) | 0.46 | 0.95 (0.62–1.47) | 0.83 |
≥50 | 1.44 (0.77–2.72) | 0.26 | 0.84 (0.45–1.57) | 0.58 |
Gender | ||||
Female | Reference | |||
Male | 1.08 (0.76–1.52) | 0.68 | 0.69 (0.49-0.97) | 0.03 * |
Education level | ||||
High school and below | Reference | |||
Junior college | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) | 0.02 * | 1.01 (0.65–1.56) | 0.98 |
Bachelor and above | 0.64 (0.4–1.04) | 0.07 | 0.75 (0.47–1.20) | 0.23 |
Monthly income | ||||
≤3000 | Reference | |||
3001-4000 | 1.63 (1.09–2.43) | 0.02 * | 1.13 (0.76–1.67) | 0.56 |
4001-5000 | 1.6 (1.02–2.50) | 0.04 * | 1.7 (1.08–2.68) | 0.02 * |
>5000 | 1.6 (0.95–2.71) | 0.08 | 1.96 (1.15–3.33) | < 0.01 * |
Having children under 6 years | 1.1 (0.81–1.5) | 0.56 | 0.81 (0.59–1.11) | 0.19 |
Self-reported good health status | 1.11 (0.82–1.52) | 0.50 | 1.18 (0.86–1.61) | 0.31 |
Having chronic diseases | 1.09 (0.64–1.85) | 0.76 | 1.5 (0.87–2.59) | 0.15 |
Place of residence | ||||
Rural | Reference | |||
Urban | 0.8 (0.6–1.07) | 0.12 | 0.96 (0.72–1.29) | 0.78 |
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Rong, H.; Lai, X.; Ma, X.; Hou, Z.; Li, S.; Jing, R.; Zhang, H.; Peng, Z.; Feng, L.; Fang, H. Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and Recommendation: The Difference between General Practitioners and Public Health Workers in China. Vaccines 2020, 8, 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020265
Rong H, Lai X, Ma X, Hou Z, Li S, Jing R, Zhang H, Peng Z, Feng L, Fang H. Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and Recommendation: The Difference between General Practitioners and Public Health Workers in China. Vaccines. 2020; 8(2):265. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020265
Chicago/Turabian StyleRong, Hongguo, Xiaozhen Lai, Xiaochen Ma, Zhiyuan Hou, Shunping Li, Rize Jing, Haijun Zhang, Zhibin Peng, Luzhao Feng, and Hai Fang. 2020. "Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and Recommendation: The Difference between General Practitioners and Public Health Workers in China" Vaccines 8, no. 2: 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020265
APA StyleRong, H., Lai, X., Ma, X., Hou, Z., Li, S., Jing, R., Zhang, H., Peng, Z., Feng, L., & Fang, H. (2020). Seasonal Influenza Vaccination and Recommendation: The Difference between General Practitioners and Public Health Workers in China. Vaccines, 8(2), 265. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020265