Immune History and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. What Do We Expect, and What Do We See?
3. Are Our Measures of Vaccine Effectiveness Part of the Problem?
4. Biological Explanations: Original Antigenic Sin
5. Other Biological Explanations
6. Future Directions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
OAS | Original antigenic sin |
OR | Odds ratio |
TND | Test negative design |
VE | Vaccine efficacy or effectiveness (defined here as the vaccine direct effect on susceptibility to infection and/or disease) |
Appendix A
Season | VE Type | Notes | Source |
---|---|---|---|
2011–2012 | Age | All ages | Canada [91] |
Vaccination history | ≥9 years, all flu | U.S. [92] | |
≥2 years | Canada [91] | ||
2012–2013 | Age | All ages | U.S. [93] |
Vaccination history | ≥9 years | U.S. [93] | |
≥9 years | Canada [67] | ||
2013-2014 | Age | ≥6 months | U.S. [94] |
Vaccination history | ≥9 years | U.S. [95] | |
≥2 years | Canada [96] | ||
2014–2015 | Age | ≥6 months | U.S. [97] |
Vaccination history | ≥18 years | U.S. [98] | |
≥2 years | Canada [17] | ||
2015–2016 | Age | ≥6 months | U.S. [97] |
Vaccination history | ≥9 years | Canada [12] |
Appendix B. Measuring VE against Influenza
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Lewnard, J.A.; Cobey, S. Immune History and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness. Vaccines 2018, 6, 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6020028
Lewnard JA, Cobey S. Immune History and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness. Vaccines. 2018; 6(2):28. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6020028
Chicago/Turabian StyleLewnard, Joseph A., and Sarah Cobey. 2018. "Immune History and Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness" Vaccines 6, no. 2: 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6020028