Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Definition of Tumor-Derived Exosomes (TEX) and Their Functions
3. Isolation of TEX from Cancer Patients’ Plasma
4. TEX Carry Immunosuppressive and Immunostimulatory Molecules
5. Inhibition of Anti-Tumor Immune Responses by TEX
6. Mechanisms of TEX-Mediated Suppression in T Cells
7. Mechanism of TEX-Mediated Suppression in Other Immune Cells
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Highlights
- TEX mediate communication between the tumor and immune cells
- TEX carry a unique molecular and genetic cargo
- TEX cargo resembles that of the parent tumor cell
- TEX deliver immunosuppressive signals to immune cells
- TEX can alter function of immune cells
- TEX can interfere with immunotherapy
- TEX as potential biomarkers of tumor progression
Abbreviations
Abs | antibodies |
AKT | protein kinase B, c serine/threonine-specific protein kinase |
DC | dendritic cells |
ESCRT | exosomal sorting complex responsible for transport |
EVs | extracellular vesicles |
IL-8 | interleukin-8 |
JAR | janus kinase |
MIC A, MIC B | human MIC genes located within the MHC locus |
miRNA | microRNA |
MMP | mitochondrial membrane potential |
MVB | multivesicular bodies |
MVs | microvesicles |
PD-1 | programmed death-1 |
PGE2 | prostaglandin E2 |
PI3K | phosphoinositide 3-kinase |
qRTPCR | quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction |
SEC | size exclusion chromatography |
STAT | signal transducer and activator of transcription |
TAA | tumor-associated antigens |
TEM | tumor microenvironment |
TEX | tumor-derived exosomes |
TGF-β | transforming growth factor-beta |
TIMP-1 | tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 |
Zap 70 | zeta chain-associated protein kinase 70 |
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Whiteside, T.L. Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. Vaccines 2016, 4, 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4040035
Whiteside TL. Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. Vaccines. 2016; 4(4):35. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4040035
Chicago/Turabian StyleWhiteside, Theresa L. 2016. "Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression" Vaccines 4, no. 4: 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4040035
APA StyleWhiteside, T. L. (2016). Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression. Vaccines, 4(4), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines4040035