Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection and Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine-Related Ocular Complications
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. VZV Infection and Common Related Ocular Complications
2.1. VZV Infection
2.2. Common Ocular Complications Associated with VZV Infection
3. Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccines and Associated Ocular Complications
3.1. Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccines
3.2. Ocular Adverse Events Following VZV Vaccination
Study | Diagnosis | Vaccine Name | Vaccine Type | Age | Gender | Signs | Symptoms | Lab Tests | Medical History | Interval Post-Vaccination ^ | Treatment | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Esmaeli-Gutstein et al. [47] | Anterior and intermediate uveitis (left eye) | varicella vaccine | Live attenuated | 16 | F | generalized vesicular rash on her face and trunk | photophobia, blurred vision, and redness in the left eye | none | none | 1 week after vaccination | po acyclovir, topical corticosteroids | resolved completely |
Naseri et al. [48] | Herpes zoster virus sclerokeratitis and anterior uveitis (left eye) | varicella vaccine | Live attenuated | 9 | M | rash in left face | red left eye | wild-type VZV DNA (+) | mild childhood asthma and mild eczema | 3 years after vaccination | po acyclovir/topical corticosteroids | faint anterior stromal scar |
Fine et al. [49] | Bilateral APMPPE | varicella vaccine | Live attenuated | 11 | M | severe headaches and tinnitus | blurry vision and photopsias | VZV Ab (+) | none | 10 days after vaccination | po acyclovir/oral corticosteroids | partially resolved |
Gonzales et al. [52] | Bilateral ARN | varicella vaccine | Live attenuated | 20 | M | none | red eyes and blurry vision | Oka strain VZV DNA (+) | immunosuppressant for an inflammatory gastroenteropathy | 1 month after vaccination | io foscarnet, antiviral drugs, pars plana vitrectomy | undisclosed |
Hayat et al. [66] | Bilateral ARN | varicella vaccine | Live attenuated | 42 | M | generalized vesicular rash, malaise, arthralgia, and body aches | blurred vision | Oka strain VZV DNA (+) | previously undiagnosed human immunodeficiency virus infection | 4 weeks after vaccination | io /iv foscarnet, antiviral drugs | visual acuity improved |
Andrade et al. [65] | Uveitis | varicella vaccine | Live attenuated | 5 | M | vesicular cutaneous lesions | hyperemia | VZV DNA (+) | steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome | 14 days after vaccination | iv/po antiviral drugs, steroids, topical corticosteroid | clinically stable |
Study | Diagnosis | Vaccine Name | Vaccine Type | Age | Gender | Signs | Symptoms | Lab Tests | Medical History | Interval Post-Vaccination ^ | Treatment | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khalifa et al. [50] | Exacerbation of Zoster Interstitial Keratitis | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 50 | F | none | vision loss, extensive epithelial edema, and diffuse stromal haze involving the lower two-thirds of the left cornea | none | Zoster Interstitial Keratitis | 35 days after vaccination | oral valacyclovir, topical corticosteroid | undisclosed |
Charkoudian et al. [51] | ARN (left eye) | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 77 | F | none | severe vision loss | VZV DNA (+) | diabetes mellitus with secondary end-stage renal disease | 6 days after vaccination | po/iv antiviral drugs, vitrectomy | undisclosed |
Bilateral ARN | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 80 | M | rash and fever | severe vision loss | VZV DNA (+) | hypertension and renal transplantation | 2 months after vaccination | po/iv antiviral drugs, io foscarnet, bilateral vitrectomy | undisclosed | |
Sham et al. [53] | Exacerbation of anterior uveitis (right eye) | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 86 | M | none | vision loss and worsened corneal edema | none | medical history of HZO with anterior uveitis | 3 weeks after vaccination | po valacyclovir, topical corticosteroids | return to his baseline condition |
Hwang et al. [54] | Reactivation of Herpes Zoster Keratitis | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 63 | M | none | redness, pruritus, photophobia, and pain | none | non-Hodgkin lymphoma and right-sided HZO | 2 weeks after vaccination | oral valacyclovir, topical corticosteroid | punctate epithelial keratopathy and a mild subepithelial haze |
Heath et al. [55] | ARN (left eye) | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 78 | F | none | floaters | Oka strain VZV DNA (+) | noteworthy for rheumatoid arthritis, latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood and osteoporosis | 6 weeks after vaccination | po valaciclovir, topical corticosteroids, pars plana vitrectomy | A pigmented scar |
Jastrzebski et al. [56] | ARN | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 67 | F | none | central corneal staining, corneal perforation | none | recurrent unilateral herpes zoster keratouveitis | 2 weeks after vaccination | oral famciclovir/ penetrating keratoplasty | residual pigmented keratic precipitates on the corneal endothelium and punctate epithelial erosions |
Ali et al. [57] | ARN and contralateral cutaneous eruption | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 63 | M | varicella skin eruption on the right side of his face | insidious deterioration in vision | VZV DNA (+) | none | 3 months after vaccination | io foscarnet, po antiviral drugs, po steroids | none |
Lehmann et al. [58] | Reactivation of Herpes Zoster Stromal Keratitis | SHINGRIX | Recombinant zoster vaccine | 89 | M | none | diffuse stromal edema, anterior stromal granular infiltrate, and keratic precipitates | none | herpes-zoster-associated stromal keratitis | 3 weeks after the first dose | topical corticosteroid | resolved |
Weinlander et al. [59] | ARN (left eye) | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 64 | M | none | floaters and cloudy vision | Wild-type VZV DNA (+) | metabolic syndrome and impaired glucose tolerance | 16 months after vaccination | po valacyclovir, po/topical corticosteroids | stable region of chorioretinal atrophy |
ARN (left eye) | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 62 | M | none | floaters and blurred vision | Wild-type VZV DNA (+) | end-stage liver disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 | 7 months after vaccination | po valacyclovir, topical corticosteroids | died from complications of his cirrhosis | |
Heydari-Kamjani et al. [60] | Bilateral uveitis sarcoidosis | SHINGRIX | Recombinant zoster vaccine | 53 | F | headaches | left eye redness, photophobia, and eye pain | none | mild persistent asthma | 4 days after vaccination | topical corticosteroid | none |
Chen R.I. et al. [61] | ARN (left eye) | SHINGRIX | Recombinant zoster vaccine | 65 | F | systemic vesicular rash and hypoxic respiratory failure | worsening floaters and blurred vision | wild-type VZV DNA (+) | immunomodulator for multiple myeloma | 6 weeks after vaccination | io foscarnet, iv/po antiviral drugs | free of active retinitis |
Menghini et al. [62] | ARN with obliterative angiopathy (left eye) | ZOSTAVAX | Live attenuated | 76 | M | none | blurry vision, slight pain, and redness | wild-type VZV DNA (+) | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, chronic lymphocytic leukemia | 2 days after vaccination | io foscarnet, iv/po/iv antiviral drugs, iv/po steroids | left eye visual acuity dropped to perception only |
Richards et al. [63] | Recurrent bilateral multifocal choroiditis | SHINGRIX | Recombinant zoster vaccine | 57 | F | arm swelling at the injection site, chills, malaise, subjective fever, and tinnitus | acute decrease in vision in the right eye (OD) and new metamorphopsia in the left eye | none | immunosuppressant for multifocal choroiditis | 24 h after the first dose | po steroids and continued methotrexate | intravitreal bevacizumab for a secondary choroidal neovascular membrane |
Recurrent bilateral anterior and mild intermediate uveitis | SHINGRIX | Recombinant zoster vaccine | 69 | M | headache | blurred vision | none | idiopathic recurrent bilateral anterior and mild intermediate uveitis | 1 month after the second dose | po valacyclovir/topical corticosteroids | none | |
Recurrent anterior uveitis (left eye) | SHINGRIX | Recombinant zoster vaccine | 70 | F | none | mildly decreased vision | none | recurrent unilateral anterior uveitis and corneal neovascularization | 2 weeks after the first dose | oral valacyclovir, topical corticosteroid | return to quiescence | |
R. T. Liu et al. [64] | Reactivation of herpes zoster keratitis | SHINGRIX | Recombinant zoster vaccine | 75 | F | none | decreased visual, corneal folds | none | HZO keratitis | Two and a half weeks | oral valacyclovir, topical corticosteroid | completely resolved |
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yu, J.; Li, H.; Ji, Y.; Liao, H. Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection and Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine-Related Ocular Complications. Vaccines 2025, 13, 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080782
Yu J, Li H, Ji Y, Liao H. Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection and Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine-Related Ocular Complications. Vaccines. 2025; 13(8):782. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080782
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Jing, Huihui Li, Yuying Ji, and Hailan Liao. 2025. "Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection and Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine-Related Ocular Complications" Vaccines 13, no. 8: 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080782
APA StyleYu, J., Li, H., Ji, Y., & Liao, H. (2025). Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection and Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine-Related Ocular Complications. Vaccines, 13(8), 782. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080782