Genital and Oral HPV Geno-Prevalence Measured through Urine and Saliva Samples in Young Adults in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants, Sampling, and Data Collection
2.2. Urine and Oral Sample Collection
2.3. DNA Extraction and HPV Genotyping
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Dunne, E.F.; Park, I.U. HPV and HPV-associated diseases. Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am. 2013, 27, 765–778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Martel, C.; Plummer, M.; Vignat, J.; Franceschi, S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int. J. Cancer 2017, 141, 664–670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kombe Kombe, A.J.; Li, B.; Zahid, A.; Mengist, H.M.; Bounda, G.A.; Zhou, Y.; Jin, T. Epidemiology and burden of Human Papillomavirus and related diseases, molecular pathogenesis, and vaccine evaluation. Front. Public Health 2021, 8, 552028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pileggi, C.; Flotta, D.; Bianco, A.; Nobile, C.G.; Pavia, M. Is HPV DNA testing specificity comparable to that of cytological testing in primary cervical cancer screening? Results of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Cancer 2014, 135, 166–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lei, J.; Ploner, A.; Elfström, K.M.; Wang, J.; Roth, A.; Fang, F.; Sundström, K.; Dillner, J.; Sparén, P. HPV Vaccination and the risk of invasive cervical cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 1340–1348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamolratanakul, S.; Pitisuttithum, P. Human Papillomavirus Vaccine efficacy and effectiveness against cancer. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaturvedi, A.K.; Graubard, B.I.; Broutian, T.; Pickard, R.K.L.; Tong, Z.Y.; Xiao, W.; Kahle, L.; Gillison, M.L. Effect of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on Oral HPV infections among young adults in the United States. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 36, 262–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsentemeidou, A.; Fyrmpas, G.; Stavrakas, M.; Vlachtsis, K.; Sotiriou, E.; Poutoglidis, A.; Tsetsos, N. Human papillomavirus vaccine to end oropharyngeal cancer. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2021, 48, 700–707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Daponte, A.; Michail, G.; Daponte, A.I.; Daponte, N.; Valasoulis, G. Urine HPV in the context of genital and cervical cancer screening-an update of current literature. Cancers 2021, 13, 1640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arbyn, M.; Verdoodt, F.; Snijders, P.J.; Verhoef, V.M.; Suonio, E.; Dillner, L.; Minozzi, S.; Bellisario, C.; Banzi, R.; Zhao, F.H.; et al. Accuracy of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected versus clinician-collected samples: A meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2014, 15, 172–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, S.; Bunge, E.; Bakker, M.; Castellsagué, X. The incidence, clearance and persistence of non-cervical human papillomavirus infections: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Infect. Dis. 2016, 16, 293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tam, S.; Fu, S.; Xu, L.; Krause, K.J.; Lairson, D.R.; Miao, H.; Sturgis, E.M.; Dahlstrom, K.R. The epidemiology of oral human papillomavirus infection in healthy populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral. Oncol. 2018, 82, 91–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Souza, M.M.A.; Hartel, G.; Whiteman, D.C.; Antonsson, A. Detection of oral HPV infection—Comparison of two different specimen collection methods and two HPV detection methods. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2018, 90, 267–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, K.D.; Kenny, L.; Frazer, I.H.; Punyadeera, C. High-risk Human Papillomavirus detection in oropharyngeal cancers: Comparison of saliva sampling methods. Head Neck 2019, 41, 1484–1489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buchegger, K.; Viscarra, T.; Andana, A.; Ili, C.; López, J.; Zanella, L.; Carmona-López, M.I.; Fernández, J.J.; Espinel, I.C.; Sánchez, R.; et al. Detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus virus (HPV): A comparative analysis of clinical performance in cervical and urine samples in Chilean women. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2018, 11, 5413–5421. [Google Scholar]
- Fappani, C.; Bianchi, S.; Panatto, D.; Petrelli, F.; Colzani, D.; Scuri, S.; Gori, M.; Amendola, A.; Grappasonni, I.; Tanzi, E.; et al. HPV type-specific prevalence a decade after the implementation of the vaccination program: Results from a pilot study. Vaccines 2021, 9, 336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Giuseppe, G.; Angelillo, S.; Bianco, A.; Gallè, F.; Licata, F.; Liguori, G.; Napolitano, F.; Nobile, C.G.A.; Pavia, M.; Pelullo, C.P.; et al. Evaluating knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors toward HPV infection and vaccination among university students in Italy. Vaccines 2023, 11, 1517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Molden, T.; Feiring, B.; Ambur, O.H.; Christiansen, I.K.; Hansen, M.; Laake, I.; Meisal, R.; Myrvang, E.; Jonassen, C.M.; Trogstad, L. Human Papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution in urine samples from Norwegian women aged 17 and 21 years: A nationwide cross-sectional study of three non-vaccinated birth cohorts. Papillomavirus Res. 2016, 2, 153–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lehtinen, T.; Söderlund-Strand, A.; Petäjä, T.; Eriksson, T.; Jokiranta, S.; Natunen, K.; Dillner, J.; Lehtinen, M. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in male adolescents 4 years after HPV-16/18 vaccination. J. Infect. Dis. 2017, 216, 966–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loenenbach, A.; Schönfeld, V.; Takla, A.; Wiese-Posselt, M.; Marquis, A.; Thies, S.; Sand, M.; Kaufmann, A.M.; Wichmann, O.; Harder, T. Human Papillomavirus prevalence and vaccine effectiveness in young women in Germany, 2017/2018: Results from a nationwide study. Front. Public Health 2023, 11, 1204101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenbaum, A.J.; Gage, J.C.; Alfaro, K.M.; Ditzian, L.R.; Maza, M.; Scarinci, I.C.; Felix, J.C.; Castle, P.E.; Villalta, S.; Miranda, E.; et al. Acceptability of self-collected versus provider-collected sampling for HPV DNA testing among women in rural El Salvador. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2014, 126, 156–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministero della Salute. Dati Sulle Coperture Vaccinali Contro il Papillomavirus (HPV). Available online: https://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_tavole_27_1_7_file.pdf (accessed on 12 February 2024).
- Jacot-Guillarmod, M.; Pasquier, J.; Greub, G.; Bongiovanni, M.; Achtari, C.; Sahli, R. Impact of HPV vaccination with Gardasil® in Switzerland. BMC Infect. Dis. 2017, 17, 790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karube, A.; Saito, F.; Nakamura, E.; Shitara, A.; Ono, N.; Konno, M.; Tamura, D.; Nagao, D. Reduction in HPV 16/18 prevalence among young women following HPV vaccine introduction in a highly vaccinated district, Japan, 2008–2017. J. Rural Med. 2019, 14, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lynge, E.; Thamsborg, L.; Larsen, L.G.; Christensen, J.; Johansen, T.; Hariri, J.; Christiansen, S.; Rygaard, C.; Andersen, B. Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus after HPV-vaccination in Denmark. Int. J. Cancer 2020, 147, 3446–3452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosário, A.; Sousa, A.; Marinho-Dias, J.; Medeiros, R.; Lobo, C.; Leça, L.; Coimbra, N.; Tavares, F.; Baldaque, I.; Martins, G.; et al. Impact of high-risk Human Papillomavirus genotyping in cervical disease in the northern region of Portugal: Real-world data from regional cervical cancer screening program. J. Med. Virol. 2023, 95, e28414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tabrizi, S.N.; Brotherton, J.M.; Kaldor, J.M.; Skinner, S.R.; Liu, B.; Bateson, D.; McNamee, K.; Garefalakis, M.; Phillips, S.; Cummins, E.; et al. Assessment of herd immunity and cross-protection after a human papillomavirus vaccination programme in Australia: A repeat cross-sectional study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2014, 14, 958–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliver, S.E.; Unger, E.R.; Lewis, R.; McDaniel, D.; Gargano, J.W.; Steinau, M.; Markowitz, L.E. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus among females after vaccine introduction-national health and nutrition examination survey, United States, 2003–2014. J. Infect. Dis. 2017, 216, 594–603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drolet, M.; Bénard, É.; Pérez, N.; Brisson, M.; HPV Vaccination Impact Study Group. Population-level impact and herd effects following the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2019, 394, 497–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosenblum, H.G.; Lewis, R.M.; Gargano, J.W.; Querec, T.D.; Unger, E.R.; Markowitz, L.E. Declines in prevalence of Human Papillomavirus vaccine-type infection among females after introduction of vaccine—United States, 2003–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021, 70, 415–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tota, J.E.; Ramanakumar, A.V.; Jiang, M.; Dillner, J.; Walter, S.D.; Kaufman, J.S.; Coutlée, F.; Villa, L.L.; Franco, E.L. Epidemiologic approaches to evaluating the potential for Human Papillomavirus type replacement postvaccination. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013, 178, 625–634. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization. WHO Guideline on Self-Care Interventions for Health and Well-Being. 2022 Revision; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2022; Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240052192 (accessed on 18 January 2024).
- Di Gennaro, G.; Licata, F.; Trovato, A.; Bianco, A. Does self-sampling for human papilloma virus testing have the potential to increase cervical cancer screening? An updated meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized clinical trials. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 1003461. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peeters, E.; Cornet, K.; Cammu, H.; Verhoeven, V.; Devroey, D.; Arbyn, M. Efficacy of strategies to increase participation in cervical cancer screening: GPs offering self-sampling kits for HPV testing versus recommendations to have a pap smear taken—A randomised controlled trial. Papillomavirus Res. 2020, 9, 100194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Keer, S.; van Splunter, A.P.; Pattyn, J.; De Smet, A.; Herzog, S.A.; Van Ostade, X.; Tjalma, W.A.A.; Ieven, M.; Van Damme, P.; Steenbergen, R.D.M.; et al. Triage of Human Papillomavirus infected women by methylation analysis in first-void urine. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 7862. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Keer, S.; Latsuzbaia, A.; Vanden Broeck, D.; De Sutter, P.; Donders, G.; Doyen, J.; Tjalma, W.A.A.; Weyers, S.; Arbyn, M.; Vorsters, A. Analytical and clinical performance of extended HPV genotyping with BD Onclarity HPV assay in home-collected first-void urine: A diagnostic test accuracy study. J. Clin. Virol. 2022, 155, 105271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Latsuzbaia, A.; Vanden Broeck, D.; Van Keer, S.; Weyers, S.; Donders, G.; Doyen, J.; Tjalma, W.; De Sutter, P.; Peeters, E.; Vorsters, A.; et al. Validation of BD Onclarity HPV assay on vaginal self-samples versus cervical samples using the VALHUDES Protocol. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2022, 31, 2177–2184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bober, P.; Firment, P.; Sabo, J. Diagnostic test accuracy of first-void urine Human Papillomaviruses for presence cervical HPV in women: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 13314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, H.W.; Shim, S.R.; Lee, J.K.; Hong, J.H. Accuracy of human papillomavirus tests on self-collected urine versus clinician-collected samples for the detection of cervical precancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Gynecol. Oncol. 2022, 33, e4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinelli, M.; Giubbi, C.; Di Meo, M.L.; Perdoni, F.; Musumeci, R.; Leone, B.E.; Fruscio, R.; Landoni, F.; Cocuzza, C.E. Accuracy of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) testing on urine and vaginal self-samples compared to clinician-collected cervical sample in women referred to colposcopy. Viruses 2023, 15, 1889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tranberg, M.; Jensen, J.S.; Bech, B.H.; Andersen, B. Urine collection in cervical cancer screening—Analytical comparison of two HPV DNA assays. BMC Infect. Dis. 2020, 20, 926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, D.H.; Jin, H.; Lee, K.E. Analysis of HR-HPV infection concordance rates in cervical and urine specimens; proposal of additional cervical screening process for women who refuse invasive cervical sampling. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 1949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poljak, M.; Cuschieri, K.; Alemany, L.; Vorsters, A. Testing for Human Papillomaviruses in urine, blood, and oral specimens: An update for the laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2023, 61, e0140322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuliano, A.R.; Nielson, C.M.; Flores, R.; Dunne, E.F.; Abrahamsen, M.; Papenfuss, M.R.; Markowitz, L.E.; Smith, D.; Harris, R.B. The optimal anatomic sites for sampling heterosexual men for human papillomavirus (HPV) detection: The HPV detection in men study. J. Infect. Dis. 2007, 196, 1146–1152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaturvedi, A.K.; Graubard, B.I.; Broutian, T.; Xiao, W.; Pickard, R.K.L.; Kahle, L.; Gillison, M.L. Prevalence of oral HPV infection in unvaccinated men and women in the United States, 2009–2016. JAMA 2019, 322, 977–979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palmieri, A.; Lauritano, D.; Pellati, A.; Scapoli, L.; Arcuri, C.; Baggi, L.; Gatto, R.; Carinci, F. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in the oropharynx of healthy individuals in an Italian population. J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11, 1935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bettampadi, D.; Villa, L.L.; Ponce, E.L.; Salmeron, J.; Sirak, B.A.; Abrahamsen, M.; Rathwell, J.A.; Reich, R.R.; Giuliano, A.R. Oral human papillomavirus prevalence and type distribution by country (Brazil, Mexico and the United States) and age among HPV infection in men study participants. Int. J. Cancer 2020, 146, 3026–3033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giuliano, A.R.; Felsher, M.; Waterboer, T.; Mirghani, H.; Mehanna, H.; Roberts, C.; Chen, Y.T.; Lynam, M.; Pedrós, M.; Sanchez, E.; et al. Oral Human Papillomavirus prevalence and genotyping among a healthy adult population in the US. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2023, 149, 783–795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brouwer, A.F.; Campredon, L.P.; Walline, H.M.; Marinelli, B.M.; Goudsmit, C.M.; Thomas, T.B.; Delinger, R.L.; Lau, Y.K.; Andrus, E.C.; Yost, M.L.; et al. Prevalence and determinants of oral and cervicogenital HPV infection: Baseline analysis of the Michigan HPV and Oropharyngeal Cancer (MHOC) cohort study. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0268104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McIntosh, R.D.; Andrus, E.C.; Walline, H.M.; Sandler, C.B.; Goudsmit, C.M.; Moravek, M.B.; Stroumsa, D.; Kattari, S.K.; Brouwer, A.F. Prevalence and determinants of cervicovaginal, oral, and anal HPV infection in a population of transgender and gender diverse people assigned female at birth. medRxiv 2023, 2023.08.15.23294129. [Google Scholar]
- Sonawane, K.; Shyu, S.S.; Damgacioglu, H.; Li, R.; Nyitray, A.G.; Deshmukh, A.A. Prevalence and concordance of oral and genital HPV by sexual orientation among US men. JNCI Cancer Spectr. 2023, 7, pkac088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steinau, M.; Hariri, S.; Gillison, M.L.; Broutian, T.R.; Dunne, E.F.; Tong, Z.Y.; Markowitz, L.E.; Unger, E.R. Prevalence of cervical and oral human papillomavirus infections among US women. J. Infect. Dis. 2014, 209, 1739–1743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kedarisetty, S.; Orosco, R.K.; Hecht, A.S.; Chang, D.C.; Weissbrod, P.A.; Coffey, C.S. Concordant oral and vaginal Human Papillomavirus infection in the United States. JAMA Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2016, 142, 457–465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sehnal, B.; Zikan, M.; Nipcova, M.; Dusek, L.; Cibula, D.; Slama, J. The association among cervical, anal, and oral HPV infections in high-risk and low-risk women. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. X 2019, 4, 100061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Total (n = 1002) | Tested Positive (n = 81; 8.1%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Option | N | % | N | % | |
Age | 22.2 ± 2.7 (18–30) * | 22.8 ± 2.6 (18–30) a 22.1 ± 2.6 (18–30) b | t = −2.13; p = 0.03 | |||
Gender | Female | 690 | 65.4 | 68 | 9.8 | χ2 = 4.11; p < 0.01 |
Male | 312 | 34.6 | 13 | 4.2 | ||
Sexual orientation | Heterosexual | 920 | 92.8 | 75 | 8.1 | χ2 = 0.07; p = 0.06 |
Asexual/bisexual/gay/lesbian/pansexual | 82 | 7.2 | 6 | 7.3 | ||
Being smokers ° | No | 755 | 78.5 | 50 | 6.6 | χ2 = 11.8; p < 0.01 |
Yes | 207 | 21.5 | 29 | 14 | ||
Consuming alcohol | No | 111 | 11.1 | 4 | 3.6 | χ2 = 3.37; p = 0.07 |
Yes | 891 | 88.9 | 77 | 8.6 | ||
Having had sexual intercourse during lifetime ° | No | 222 | 22.2 | 4 | 1.8 | Fisher’s exact p < 0.01 |
Yes | 779 | 77.8 | 77 | 9.9 | ||
Current sexual relationship status ° | Regular partner | 544 | 56.2 | 51 | 9.4 | χ2 = 21.2; p < 0.01 |
≥one occasional partner | 67 | 6.9 | 13 | 19.4 | ||
No sexual intercourse/none | 358 | 36.9 | 14 | 3.9 | ||
Condom use during sexual intercourse ^ | Never/rarely/sometimes | 305 | 52.7 | 45 | 8.5 | χ2 = 13.2; p < 0.01 |
Often/always | 474 | 47.3 | 32 | 6.8 | ||
Having had oral sex during lifetime | No | 228 | 22.8 | 3 | 1.3 | Fisher’s exact p < 0.01 |
Yes | 774 | 77.2 | 78 | 10.1 | ||
Family history of HPV-related cancers | No | 952 | 95 | 74 | 7.8 | χ2 = 2.48; p = 0.11 |
Yes | 50 | 5 | 7 | 14 | ||
Having received at least one HPV vaccination dose | No/do not remember | 512 | 51.1 | 42 | 8.2 | χ2 = 0.02; p = 0.89 |
Yes | 490 | 48.9 | 39 | 7.9 | ||
Reporting a prior history of a sexually transmitted Infection ° | No | 978 | 98.2 | 75 | 7.7 | χ2 = 15.6; p < 0.01 |
Yes | 18 | 1.8 | 6 | 33.3 |
HPV Genotypes | Total N = 1002 | Female N = 690 | Male N = 312 | Unvaccinated Participants N = 512 | Vaccinated Participants N = 490 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Negative subjects | 921 | 91.9 | 622 | 90.2 | 299 | 95.8 | 470 | 91.8 | 451 | 92.1 |
Any HPV | 81 | 8.1 | 68 | 9.8 | 13 | 4.2 | 42 | 8.2 | 39 | 7.9 |
χ2 = 0.02; p = 0.89 | ||||||||||
At least one high-risk | 66 | 6.6 | 56 | 8.1 | 10 | 3.2 | 37 | 7.2 | 29 | 5.9 |
χ2 = 0.336; p = 0.56 | ||||||||||
Only low-risk | 15 | 1.5 | 12 | 1.7 | 3 | 0.9 | 10 | 1.9 | 5 | 1 |
Fisher’s exact p = 0.22 | ||||||||||
2vHPV | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.2 |
Fisher’s exact p = 0.67 | ||||||||||
4vHPV | 5 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.6 | 2 | 0.4 |
Fisher’s exact p = 0.52 | ||||||||||
9vHPV | 13 | 1.3 | 13 | 1.9 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 1.7 | 4 | 0.8 |
Fisher’s exact p = 0.19 | ||||||||||
Multiple | 35 | 3.5 | 28 | 4 | 7 | 2.2 | 22 | 4.3 | 13 | 2.6 |
χ2 = 2.01; p = 0.16 |
Tested Positive N = 81 | Total N = 1002 | Female N = 690 | Male N = 312 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low-risk | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
6 b,c | 3 | 3.7 | 3 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
11 b,c | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
40 | 5 | 6.2 | 5 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 |
42 | 22 | 27.2 | 22 | 2.2 | 17 | 2.5 | 5 | 1.6 |
43 | 8 | 9.9 | 8 | 0.8 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0.3 |
44 | 3 | 3.7 | 3 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
54 | 4 | 4.9 | 4 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.6 |
61 | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
70 | 2 | 2.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
High-risk | ||||||||
16 a,b,c | 2 | 2.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
18 a,b,c | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
31 c | 2 | 2.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
33 c | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
35 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
39 | 9 | 11.1 | 9 | 0.9 | 8 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.3 |
45 c | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
51 | 15 | 18.5 | 15 | 1.5 | 11 | 1.6 | 4 | 1.3 |
52 c | 3 | 3.7 | 3 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 |
56 | 6 | 7.4 | 6 | 0.6 | 3 | 0.4 | 3 | 1 |
58 c | 2 | 2.4 | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
59 | 4 | 4.9 | 4 | 0.4 | 4 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 |
66 | 10 | 12.3 | 10 | 1 | 9 | 1.3 | 1 | 0.3 |
68 | 10 | 12.3 | 10 | 1 | 8 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.6 |
69 | 1 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 |
73 | 6 | 7.4 | 6 | 0.6 | 5 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.3 |
82 | 4 | 4.9 | 4 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.3 |
Variable | OR | SE | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Model. HPV Infection detected in Urine Samples | ||||
Sex | ||||
Male | 1 * | |||
Females | 4.14 | 1.5 | 2.03–8.44 | <0.01 |
Condom use during sexual intercourse | ||||
No sexual intercourse-Often/always | 1 * | |||
Never/rarely/sometimes | 2.14 | 0.55 | 1.28–3.55 | <0.01 |
Reporting a prior history of a sexually transmitted infection | ||||
No | 1 * | |||
Yes | 3.79 | 2.05 | 1.31–10.96 | 0.01 |
Current sexual relationship status | ||||
No sexual intercourse/none | 1 * | |||
≥one occasional partner | 2.39 | 0.88 | 1.16–4.92 | 0.02 |
Regular partner | Backward elimination | |||
Having received at least one HPV vaccination dose | ||||
No | 1 * | |||
Yes | 0.55 | 0.15 | 0.32–0.94 | 0.03 |
Consuming alcohol | ||||
No | 1 * | |||
Yes | 2.48 | 1.7 | 0.65–9.51 | 0.14 |
Having had sexual intercourse during lifetime | ||||
No | 1 * | |||
Yes | 5.16 | 5.9 | 0.55–47.9 | 0.15 |
Having had oral sex | ||||
No | 1 * | |||
Yes | 2.48 | 1.7 | 0.65–9.51 | 0.18 |
Age (continuous) | 1.05 | 0.05 | 0.96–1.15 | 0.25 |
Being smoker | ||||
No | 1 * | |||
Yes | 1.28 | 0.35 | 0.75–2.19 | 0.35 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Napolitano, F.; Angelillo, S.; Bianco, A.; Di Giuseppe, G.; Di Onofrio, V.; Licata, F.; Liguori, G.; Nobile, C.G.A.; Pavia, M.; Pelullo, C.P.; et al. Genital and Oral HPV Geno-Prevalence Measured through Urine and Saliva Samples in Young Adults in Italy. Vaccines 2024, 12, 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020205
Napolitano F, Angelillo S, Bianco A, Di Giuseppe G, Di Onofrio V, Licata F, Liguori G, Nobile CGA, Pavia M, Pelullo CP, et al. Genital and Oral HPV Geno-Prevalence Measured through Urine and Saliva Samples in Young Adults in Italy. Vaccines. 2024; 12(2):205. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020205
Chicago/Turabian StyleNapolitano, Francesco, Silvia Angelillo, Aida Bianco, Gabriella Di Giuseppe, Valeria Di Onofrio, Francesca Licata, Giorgio Liguori, Carmelo Giuseppe Angelo Nobile, Maria Pavia, Concetta Paola Pelullo, and et al. 2024. "Genital and Oral HPV Geno-Prevalence Measured through Urine and Saliva Samples in Young Adults in Italy" Vaccines 12, no. 2: 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020205
APA StyleNapolitano, F., Angelillo, S., Bianco, A., Di Giuseppe, G., Di Onofrio, V., Licata, F., Liguori, G., Nobile, C. G. A., Pavia, M., Pelullo, C. P., Zito Marino, F., & Angelillo, I. F. (2024). Genital and Oral HPV Geno-Prevalence Measured through Urine and Saliva Samples in Young Adults in Italy. Vaccines, 12(2), 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12020205