COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in India: A District-Level Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase 1 | Obs | Mean | Median | Max | Min | St. Dev |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FDV % | 729 | 0.95 | 0.77 | 5.75 | 0.13 | 0.65 |
IR % | 629 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 0.18 |
PIR % | 629 | 0.64 | 0.44 | 6.05 | 0.00 | 0.68 |
PDR % | 629 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
(PDR/PIR) % | 625 | 1.18 | 1.05 | 4.99 | 0.00 | 0.84 |
Phase 2 | Obs | Mean | Median | Max | Min | St. Dev |
FDV % | 729 | 2.97 | 2.48 | 17.12 | 0.21 | 2.05 |
IR % | 629 | 0.05 | 0.01 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 0.13 |
PIR % | 629 | 0.674 | 0.450 | 7.007 | 0.000 | 0.75 |
PDR % | 629 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
(PDR/PIR) % | 626 | 1.17 | 1.04 | 4.99 | 0.00 | 0.82 |
Phase 3 | Obs | Mean | Median | Max | Min | St. Dev |
FDV % | 729 | 6.02 | 5.04 | 23.40 | 0.40 | 3.88 |
IR % | 629 | 1.11 | 0.72 | 9.66 | 0.00 | 1.22 |
PIR % | 629 | 0.73 | 0.48 | 7.36 | 0.00 | 0.82 |
PDR % | 629 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
(PDR/PIR) % | 626 | 1.11 | 1.03 | 4.27 | 0.00 | 0.73 |
Phase 4—Month 1 | Obs | Mean | Median | Max | Min | St. Dev |
FDV % | 729 | 3.35 | 2.62 | 21.01 | 0.20 | 2.62 |
IR % | 629 | 0.64 | 0.42 | 8.18 | 0.00 | 0.69 |
PIR % | 629 | 1.84 | 1.18 | 17.02 | 0.00 | 2.01 |
PDR % | 629 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.015 |
(PDR/PIR) % | 626 | 0.59 | 0.56 | 2.41 | 0.00 | 0.36 |
Phase 4—Month 2 | Obs | Mean | Median | Max | Min | St. Dev |
FDV % | 729 | 8.42 | 6.82 | 41.56 | 0.94 | 5.90 |
IR % | 629 | 2.48 | 1.70 | 20.30 | 0.00 | 2.56 |
PIR % | 629 | 0.18 | 0.06 | 2.61 | 0.00 | 0.29 |
PDR % | 629 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
(PDR/PIR) % | 626 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 3.77 | 0.00 | 0.49 |
Var | Des | Obs | Mean | Median | Max | Min | St. Dev |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rural | % Rural households | 729 | 74.1 | 80.4 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 21.4 |
Literacy | % Population literate | 729 | 62.1 | 61.8 | 88.7 | 28.8 | 10.5 |
Muslim | % Population Muslim | 729 | 12.3 | 7.2 | 98.5 | 0.3 | 17.0 |
SC | % Population SC | 729 | 14.6 | 15.5 | 50.2 | 0.0 | 9.3 |
ST | % Population ST | 729 | 19.3 | 4.8 | 99.4 | 0.0 | 28.4 |
Pop_den | Population density | 729 | 1145 | 421 | 82,845 | 1.5 | 4780 |
Sex ratio | Sex ratio of total population | 729 | 1022 | 1016 | 1332 | 755 | 72.7 |
(females per 1000 males) | |||||||
Pop_15 | % Population below age 15 years | 729 | 26.4 | 25.3 | 50.6 | 16.0 | 5.3 |
Insurance | % Households with any usual | 729 | 40.2 | 35.7 | 97.8 | 1.2 | 23.05 |
member covered under a health | |||||||
insurance/financing scheme | |||||||
Water_impr | % Population living in | 729 | 93.6 | 96.9 | 100.0 | 41.2 | 9.1 |
households with an improved | |||||||
drinking-water source | |||||||
Pre-primary | % Children aged 5 years who | 729 | 12.7 | 9.8 | 52.9 | 0.0 | 10.3 |
attended pre-primary school | |||||||
during the school years 2019–2020 | |||||||
Tetanus_mother | % Mothers whose last birth | 729 | 91.1 | 92.6 | 100.0 | 55.1 | 6.2 |
was protected against | |||||||
neonatal tetanus | |||||||
Vax_full_child | % Children age 12–23 months | 729 | 76.3 | 77.5 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 15.7 |
fully vaccinated based on | |||||||
information from either | |||||||
vaccination card or | |||||||
mother’s recall | |||||||
Vax_polio_child | % Children aged 12–23 months | 729 | 80.0 | 81.9 | 100.0 | 0.0 | 14.8 |
vaccinated with 3 polio doses | |||||||
Sterilization | % Female sterilization | 729 | 34.9 | 34.0 | 76.5 | 1.1 | 18.9 |
School_women | % Women with 10 or more | 729 | 40.4 | 39.3 | 88.2 | 13.6 | 14.1 |
years of schooling | |||||||
Early_marriage | % Women age 20–24 years | 729 | 20.6 | 18.6 | 80.9 | 0.0 | 12.7 |
married before 18 yrs | |||||||
Early_pregnant | % Women age 15–19 years | 729 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 91.9 | 0.0 | 6.5 |
who were already mothers | |||||||
or pregnant at the time of | |||||||
the survey | |||||||
HT_female | % Females with elevated blood | 729 | 21.5 | 21.1 | 42.1 | 8.5 | 5.2 |
pressure (BP) or taking | |||||||
medicine to control BP | |||||||
Breastfed_child | % Children under age of 6 months | 729 | 41.3 | 55.0 | 94.0 | 0.0 | 33.5 |
exclusively breastfed (%) | |||||||
Wasted_child | Children under 5 years who were | 729 | 18.5 | 18.0 | 48.0 | 4.5 | 6.5 |
wasted (weight for height) | |||||||
SHC_burden | Population served by an | 727 | 2768 | 2557 | 21045 | 179 | 1574 |
average sub-heath centre | |||||||
SHC_density | Average number of sub-health | 727 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 21.8 | 0.0 | 1.1 |
centres per sq. km | |||||||
Adist | Dummy for aspirational district | 729 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.37 |
Dependent Variable: FDV% | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(P1) | (P2) | (P3) | (P4_1) | (P4_2) | |
PIR% | 0.67 *** | 1.16 *** | 2.04 *** | 0.19 *** | 1.54 *** |
(0.05) | (0.10) | (0.15) | (0.06) | (0.15) | |
PDR% | −12.69 *** | −80.44 *** | |||
(3.28) | (15.65) | ||||
(PDR/PIR)% | 0.09 ** | −0.87 *** | 1.25 *** | ||
(0.04) | (0.24) | (0.47) | |||
IR | 0.81 *** | ||||
(0.20) | |||||
SHC_burden | −0.0002 *** | −0.0003 *** | −0.0002 *** | −0.001 *** | |
(0.0000) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | ||
SHC_density | −4.69 *** | ||||
(1.03) | |||||
Rural | −0.03 *** | −0.03 ** | |||
(0.01) | (0.01) | ||||
Literacy | 0.08 *** | 0.03 *** | 0.09 *** | ||
(0.01) | (0.01) | (0.02) | |||
Pop_den | 0.0002 *** | 0.001 *** | |||
(0.0001) | (0.0002) | ||||
Sex ratio | 0.002 ** | 0.003 ** | |||
(0.001) | (0.001) | ||||
SC | −0.06 ** | ||||
(0.02) | |||||
ST | 0.01 *** | ||||
(0.001) | |||||
Muslim | −0.01 ** | 0.04 *** | |||
(0.005) | (0.01) | ||||
Constant | −0.03 | −0.32 | −5.83 *** | 4.36 *** | 2.54 |
(0.13) | (1.03) | (1.70) | (0.99) | (2.16) | |
State FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 625 | 629 | 629 | 626 | 626 |
AIC | 604.79 | 2030.32 | 2561.77 | 2279.99 | 3195.05 |
BIC | 751.23 | 2190.3 | 2726.2 | 2439.81 | 3372.62 |
R | 0.64 | 0.70 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.72 |
Adjusted R | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.71 |
Dependent Variable: FDV | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(P1) | (P2) | (P3) | (P4_1) | (P4_2) | |
PIR% | 0.61 *** | 1.09 *** | 2.03 *** | 0.34 *** | 1.53 *** |
(0.05) | (0.10) | (0.15) | (0.09) | (0.14) | |
PDR% | −11.16 *** | −26.52 ** | −72.47 *** | ||
(3.20) | (10.58) | (15.42) | |||
(PDR/PIR)% | 0.08 ** | 0.02 | 0.09 | −0.38 | 1.33 *** |
(0.04) | (0.09) | (0.16) | (0.29) | (0.47) | |
IR% | 0.77 *** | ||||
(0.19) | |||||
SHC_burden | −0.0002 *** | −0.0003 *** | −0.0002 *** | −0.001 *** | |
(0.0000) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | (0.0001) | ||
SHC_density | −3.81 *** | ||||
(1.02) | |||||
Rural | −0.04 *** | ||||
(0.01) | |||||
Literacy | 0.12 *** | ||||
(0.02) | |||||
Pop_den | 0.001 *** | ||||
(0.0002) | |||||
Sex ratio | −0.01 *** | ||||
(0.002) | |||||
SC | −0.07 *** | ||||
(0.02) | |||||
ST | 0.01 *** | −0.01 *** | |||
(0.001) | (0.005) | ||||
Muslim | −0.01 *** | 0.04 *** | |||
(0.005) | (0.01) | ||||
Pop_15 | −0.02 *** | ||||
(0.01) | |||||
Insurance | 0.01 *** | 0.02 ** | 0.05 *** | ||
(0.002) | (0.01) | (0.02) | |||
HT_female | 0.07 *** | 0.10 *** | |||
(0.01) | (0.02) | ||||
Pre-primary | −0.02 *** | ||||
(0.01) | |||||
School_women | 0.05 *** | ||||
(0.01) | |||||
Early_marriage | 0.09 *** | ||||
(0.02) | |||||
Early_pregnant | −0.13 *** | ||||
(0.05) | |||||
Breastfed_child | −0.01 *** | ||||
(0.002) | |||||
Tetanus_mother | 0.05 * | ||||
(0.03) | |||||
Vax_full_child | 0.05 ** | 0.08 ** | |||
(0.02) | (0.04) | ||||
Vax_polio_child | −0.06 ** | −0.10 ** | |||
(0.02) | (0.04) | ||||
Wasted_child | −0.05 *** | ||||
(0.01) | |||||
Sterilization | −0.01 *** | ||||
(0.002) | |||||
Water_impr | 0.02 ** | ||||
(0.01) | |||||
Adist | 0.15 *** | 0.31 ** | |||
(0.05) | (0.14) | ||||
Constant | 0.21 | −1.72 * | −1.10 | 5.40 *** | −2.50 |
(0.29) | (0.98) | (0.87) | (0.94) | (3.96) | |
State FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Observations | 625 | 626 | 626 | 626 | 626 |
AIC | 571.81 | 1996.14 | 2527.83 | 2255.96 | 3174.98 |
BIC | 736.01 | 2164.84 | 2696.52 | 2429.1 | 3379.19 |
R | 0.66 | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.68 | 0.74 |
Adjusted R | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.72 |
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Agarwal, S.K.; Naha, M. COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in India: A District-Level Analysis. Vaccines 2023, 11, 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050948
Agarwal SK, Naha M. COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in India: A District-Level Analysis. Vaccines. 2023; 11(5):948. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050948
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgarwal, Sandip K., and Maharnab Naha. 2023. "COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in India: A District-Level Analysis" Vaccines 11, no. 5: 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050948
APA StyleAgarwal, S. K., & Naha, M. (2023). COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in India: A District-Level Analysis. Vaccines, 11(5), 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050948