Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Size Calculation
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. A Logistic Regression Model Examining Factors Affecting Sufficient Knowledge of Flu and COVID-19 Vaccines
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic | n (%) N = 422 |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 111 (26.3) |
Female | 311 (73.7) |
Age group | |
18–25 years | 157 (37.2) |
26–35 years | 150 (35.5) |
36–45 years | 91 (21.6) |
46–55 years | 17 (4) |
>55 years | 7 (1.7) |
Educational level | |
High school or lower | 81 (19.2) |
University | 307 (72.7) |
Postgraduate degree | 34 (8.1) |
Employment status | |
Unemployed | 165 (39.1) |
Student | 108 (25.6) |
Government sector job | 108 (25.6) |
Private sector job | 41 (9.7) |
Monthly income (Median =9500 SR) | |
<5000 Saud Riyal (SR) | 240 (56.9) |
5000–8000 SR | 56 (13.3) |
8000–15,000 SR | 105 (24.9) |
>15,000 SR | 21 (4.9) |
Residence area | |
Rural | 72 (17.1) |
Urban | 350 (82.9) |
Have you received flu vaccines since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (yes) | 91 (21.5) |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Question | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree |
In the last decade, vaccinations like chickenpox vaccines saved the public from disasters, so I think the flu and COVID-19 vaccines should be mandatory for all populations. | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.4) | 44 (10.4) | 167 (39.5) | 206 (48.8) |
Taking the COVID-19 vaccine will positively impact the public and economy in the future. | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 53 (12.5) | 187 (44.3) | 179 (42.4) |
You will take the flu shot this year. | 6 (1.4) | 21 (4.9) | 69 (16.3) | 98 (23.2) | 228 (54) |
All types of COVID-19 vaccines are safe in general. | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.7) | 91 (21.5) | 108 (25.5) | 218 (51.6) |
Vaccines are important to improve human immunity. | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 133 (31.5) | 103 (24.4) | 183 (43.3) |
I advise others to take the flu shot. | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.9) | 151 (35.7) | 94 (22.2) | 172 (40.7) |
I advise others to take the COVID-19 vaccine. | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 138 (32.7) | 69 (16.3) | 214 (50.7) |
Your knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccine types is good. | 3 (0.7) | 12 (2.8) | 72 (17) | 104 (24.6) | 231 (54.7) |
COVID-19 has a negative impact on flu medications in hospitals and pharmacies. | 11 (2.6) | 11 (2.6) | 73 (17.2) | 185 (43.8) | 142 (33.6) |
COVID-19 cases are supposed to increase during flu season. | 9 (2.1) | 6 (1.4) | 73 (17.2) | 188 (44.5) | 146 (34.5) |
Increasing COVID-19 cases during flu season will negatively impact the healthcare system. | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 45 (10.6) | 177 (41.9) | 194 (45.9) |
Following preventive measures is still important even in the presence of vaccines. | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 32 (7.5) | 155 (36.7) | 232 (54.9) |
Dependent Factors | In the Last Decade, Vaccinations like Chickenpox Vaccines Have Saved the Public from Disasters, So I Think Flu and COVID-19 Vaccines Should Be Mandatory for All Populations. | Taking COVID-19 Vaccine Will Positively Impact the Public and Economy in the Future | You Will Take the Flu Shot This Year | All Types of COVID-19 Vaccines Are Safe in General | Vaccines Are Important to Improving Human Immunity | I Advise Others to Take the Flu Shot | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Factors | |||||||
OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI), p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | ||
Sex (ref = female) | 1.252 (0.558–2.812) 0.585 | 0.688 (0.312–1.517) 0.354 | 1.562 (0.771–3.163) 0.216 | 1.078 (0.573–2.025) 0.816 | 1.496 (0.837–2.675) 0.174 | 1.35 (0.767–2.373) 0.298 | |
Age | |||||||
18–25 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
26–35 years | 2.111 (0.73–6.1) 0.168 | 3.76 (1.341–10.54) 0.012 | 1.148 (0.522–2.524) 0.731 | 2.259 (1.038–4.918) 0.04 | 0.887 (0.456–1.728) 0.725 | 0.843 (0.433–1.64) 0.615 | |
36–45 years | 3.407 (1.005–11.547) 0.049 | 3.07 (0.964–9.77) 0.058 | 2.095 (0.813–5.4) 0.126 | 2.323 (0.938–5.751) 0.068 | 0.895 (0.414–1.934) 0.778 | 0.733 (0.342–1.572) 0.424 | |
46–55 years | 7.119 (0.701–72.325) 0.097 | 1.093 (0.245–4.874) 0.907 | 0.824 (0.193–3.513) 0.794 | 1.077 (0.269–4.309) 0.917 | 1.57 (0.407–6.062) 0.513 | 0.95 (0.27–3.339) 0.936 | |
>55 years | 0.067 (0.009–0.506) 0.009 | 0.052 (0.006–0.432) 0.006 | 0.008 (0–0.144) 0.001 | 0.077 (0.011–0.556) 0.011 | 0.13 (0.02–0.823) 0.03 | 0.117 (0.018–0.78) 0.027 | |
Education level | |||||||
High school or lower | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
University | 3.288 (1.402–7.714) 0.006 | 2.428 (1.071–5.503) 0.034 | 1.798 (0.919–3.516) 0.087 | 1.05 (0.501–2.201) 0.897 | 1.567 (0.88–2.791) 0.127 | 1.767 (0.992–3.145) 0.053 | |
Postgraduate degree | 2.911 (0.738–11.485) 0.127 | 1.048 (0.256–4.285) 0.948 | 2.197 (0.635–7.602) 0.214 | 0.21 (0.066–0.669) 0.008 | 1.403 (0.504–3.904) 0.517 | 1.862 (0.67–5.176) 0.233 | |
Monthly income (Median = 9500 SR) | |||||||
Less than 5000 SR | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
5000–8000 SR | 2.5 (0.644–9.703) 0.186 | 1.159 (0.441–3.05) 0.764 | 3.679 (1.302–10.393) 0.014 | 1.156 (0.526–2.541) 0.719 | 1.712 (0.821–3.572) 0.152 | 2.051 (0.995–4.228) 0.051 | |
8000–15,000 SR | 1.249 (0.346–4.507) 0.734 | 3.795 (0.976–14.749) 0.054 | 0.57 (0.231–1.403) 0.221 | 2.411 (0.877–6.627) 0.088 | 1.051 (0.483–2.288) 0.9 | 1.039 (0.484–2.228) 0.923 | |
>15,000 SR | 0.678 (0.134–3.427) 0.638 | 4.659 (0.505–43.017) 0.175 | 0.298 (0.081–1.088) 0.067 | 1.114 (0.303–4.088) 0.871 | 0.914 (0.295–2.83) 0.876 | 0.56 (0.186–1.685) 0.302 | |
Employment status | |||||||
Unemployed | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
Student | 0.464 (0.149–1.448) 0.186 | 0.813 (0.285–2.319) 0.699 | 0.55 (0.234–1.293) 0.171 | 0.851 (0.375–1.93) 0.699 | 0.641 (0.311–1.319) 0.227 | 0.47 (0.228–0.967) 0.04 | |
Government sector job | 0.101 (0.026–0.401) 0.001 | 0.172 (0.043–0.684) 0.012 | 0.512 (0.186–1.41) 0.195 | 0.38 (0.133–1.084) 0.071 | 0.489 (0.211–1.137) 0.096 | 0.464 (0.202–1.067) 0.071 | |
Private sector job | 0.239 (0.059–0.96) 0.044 | 0.231 (0.07–0.764) 0.016 | 0.372 (0.125–1.108) 0.076 | 0.22 (0.086–0.565) 0.002 | 1.027 (0.398–2.649) 0.956 | 0.851 (0.339–2.137) 0.732 | |
Residence area (ref = rural) | 0.774 (0.301–1.994) 0.596 | 0.155 (0.039–0.614) 0.008 | 0.339 (0.143–0.807) 0.015 | 0.42 (0.189–0.932) 0.033 | 0.942 (0.523–1.696) 0.842 | 0.677 (0.374–1.228) 0.2 | |
Have you been diagnosed with COVID-19 or Flu since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (ref = no) | 1.326 (0.576–3.055) 0.508 | 1.036 (0.473–2.272) 0.929 | 0.969 (0.509–1.845) 0.924 | 0.665 (0.369–1.2) 0.175 | 1.564 (0.887–2.758) 0.122 | 1.224 (0.714–2.098) 0.462 | |
Have you received flu vaccines since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (ref = no) | 1.983 (0.799–4.925) 0.14 | 3.223 (1.218–8.529) 0.018 | 46.977 (6.286–351.085) 0.001 | 2.189 (1.105–4.335) 0.025 | 2.753 (1.468–5.162) 0.002 | 3.958 (2.101–7.457) 0.001 |
Dependent Factors | I Advise Others to take COVID-19 Vaccine | Your Knowledge Regarding COVID-19 Vaccines Types is Good | COVID-19 Has A negative Impact on Flu Medications in Hospitals and Pharmacies | COVID-19 Cases Are Supposed to Increase during Flu Season | Increasing COVID-19 Cases during Flu Season Will Negatively Impact the Healthcare System | Following Preventive Measures Are Still Important even in the Presence of Vaccines | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Factors | |||||||
OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI), p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | ||
Sex (ref = female) | 1.009 (0.575–1.773) 0.974 | 0.858 (0.441–1.67) 0.652 | 1.011 (0.528–1.936) 0.974 | 1.18 (0.609–2.286) 0.624 | 0.569 (0.249–1.297) 0.18 | 0.604 (0.207–1.765) 0.357 | |
Age | |||||||
18–25 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
26–35 years | 1.067 (0.551–2.066) 0.848 | 5.378 (2.397–12.067) 0.001 | 1.104 (0.529–2.301) 0.793 | 2.229 (1.019–4.872) 0.045 | 4.678 (1.789–12.235) 0.002 | 6.539 (1.99–21.488) 0.002 | |
36–45 years | 0.949 (0.442–2.036) 0.893 | 4.662 (1.901–11.43) 0.001 | 1.3 (0.546–3.095) 0.554 | 1.93 (0.799–4.664) 0.144 | 4.184 (1.355–12.922) 0.013 | 19.856 (3.241–121.655) 0.001 | |
46–55 years | 1.294 (0.36–4.647) 0.693 | 1.702 (0.476–6.085) 0.413 | 0.803 (0.225–2.861) 0.735 | 1.445 (0.363–5.752) 0.601 | 5.493 (0.905–33.341) 0.064 | 3.616 (0.568–23.012) 0.173 | |
>55 years | 0.151 (0.024–0.953) 0.044 | 0.179 (0.026–1.216) 0.078 | 0.402 (0.069–2.33) 0.309 | 0.334 (0.055–2.016) 0.232 | 0.303 (0.041–2.227) 0.241 | 0.057 (0.005–0.623) 0.019 | |
Education level | |||||||
High school or lower | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
University | 1.695 (0.955–3.009) 0.072 | 1.155 (0.571–2.335) 0.689 | 1.98 (1.076–3.642) 0.028 | 1.324 (0.663–2.645) 0.427 | 2.337 (1.099–4.97) 0.028 | 1.47 (0.574–3.764) 0.422 | |
Postgraduate degree | 2.065 (0.729–5.846) 0.172 | 1.577 (0.467–5.324) 0.463 | 1.874 (0.596–5.892) 0.282 | 0.37 (0.123–1.11) 0.076 | 5.613 (0.605–52.063) 0.129 | 2.533 (0.229–28.009) 0.449 | |
Monthly income | |||||||
Less than 5000 SR | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
5000–8000 SR | 1.906 (0.913–3.976) 0.086 | 1.283 (0.537–3.066) 0.575 | 2.775 (1.097–7.019) 0.031 | 0.781 (0.361–1.69) 0.53 | 3.44 (0.76–15.567) 0.109 | 3.963 (0.49–32.061) 0.197 | |
8000–15,000 SR | 1.473 (0.668–3.252) 0.337 | 0.815 (0.323–2.053) 0.664 | 1.741 (0.682–4.443) 0.246 | 0.935 (0.372–2.348) 0.886 | 0.686 (0.216–2.182) 0.523 | 0.358 (0.094–1.372) 0.134 | |
>15,000 SR | 0.905 (0.3–2.735) 0.86 | 0.375 (0.108–1.303) 0.123 | 2.828 (0.638–12.53) 0.171 | 0.436 (0.129–1.474) 0.182 | Cannot be computed | Cannot be computed | |
Employment status | |||||||
Unemployed | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
Student | 0.724 (0.354–1.482) 0.377 | 2.512 (1.075–5.867) 0.033 | 1.203 (0.529–2.735) 0.659 | 1.044 (0.458–2.381) 0.918 | 2.179 (0.821–5.78) 0.118 | 3.974 (1.077–14.668) 0.038 | |
Government sector job | 0.436 (0.186–1.019) 0.055 | 0.434 (0.161–1.174) 0.1 | 0.535 (0.195–1.464) 0.223 | 0.822 (0.303–2.225) 0.699 | 0.849 (0.228–3.156) 0.806 | 0.872 (0.183–4.153) 0.863 | |
Private sector job | 0.899 (0.356–2.266) 0.821 | 0.516 (0.191–1.393) 0.192 | 1.073 (0.39–2.953) 0.891 | 0.784 (0.296–2.074) 0.624 | 2.16 (0.419–11.122) 0.357 | 1.42 (0.247–8.152) 0.694 | |
Residence area (ref = rural) | 0.839 (0.466–1.51) 0.558 | 0.363 (0.154–0.859) 0.021 | 0.502 (0.244–1.031) 0.06 | 0.454 (0.206–1.001) 0.05 | 0.512 (0.203–1.29) 0.156 | 0.168 (0.037–0.771) 0.022 | |
Have you been diagnosed with COVID-19 or Flu since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (ref = no) | 1.21 (0.702–2.086) 0.493 | 1.26 (0.66–2.404) 0.484 | 2.293 (1.15–4.572) 0.018 | 1.902 (0.964–3.751) 0.064 | 2.409 (0.937–6.197) 0.068 | 14.373 (1.708–120.975) 0.014 | |
Have you received flu vaccines since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (ref = no) | 3.092 (1.649–5.795) 0.001 | 1.709 (0.869–3.365) 0.121 | 0.891 (0.488–1.624) 0.705 | 1.031 (0.548–1.939) 0.925 | 1.502 (0.608–3.715) 0.378 | 5.654 (1.155–27.677) 0.033 |
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Alshahrani, S.M.; Alfatease, A.; Orayj, K.; Alqahtani, A.M.; Alqahtani, T. Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines 2023, 11, 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030558
Alshahrani SM, Alfatease A, Orayj K, Alqahtani AM, Alqahtani T. Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines. 2023; 11(3):558. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030558
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlshahrani, Sultan M., Adel Alfatease, Khalid Orayj, Ali M. Alqahtani, and Taha Alqahtani. 2023. "Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia" Vaccines 11, no. 3: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030558
APA StyleAlshahrani, S. M., Alfatease, A., Orayj, K., Alqahtani, A. M., & Alqahtani, T. (2023). Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines, 11(3), 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030558