Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Size Calculation
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. A Logistic Regression Model Examining Factors Affecting Sufficient Knowledge of Flu and COVID-19 Vaccines
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic | n (%) N = 422 |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 111 (26.3) |
Female | 311 (73.7) |
Age group | |
18–25 years | 157 (37.2) |
26–35 years | 150 (35.5) |
36–45 years | 91 (21.6) |
46–55 years | 17 (4) |
>55 years | 7 (1.7) |
Educational level | |
High school or lower | 81 (19.2) |
University | 307 (72.7) |
Postgraduate degree | 34 (8.1) |
Employment status | |
Unemployed | 165 (39.1) |
Student | 108 (25.6) |
Government sector job | 108 (25.6) |
Private sector job | 41 (9.7) |
Monthly income (Median =9500 SR) | |
<5000 Saud Riyal (SR) | 240 (56.9) |
5000–8000 SR | 56 (13.3) |
8000–15,000 SR | 105 (24.9) |
>15,000 SR | 21 (4.9) |
Residence area | |
Rural | 72 (17.1) |
Urban | 350 (82.9) |
Have you received flu vaccines since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (yes) | 91 (21.5) |
N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Question | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree |
In the last decade, vaccinations like chickenpox vaccines saved the public from disasters, so I think the flu and COVID-19 vaccines should be mandatory for all populations. | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.4) | 44 (10.4) | 167 (39.5) | 206 (48.8) |
Taking the COVID-19 vaccine will positively impact the public and economy in the future. | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 53 (12.5) | 187 (44.3) | 179 (42.4) |
You will take the flu shot this year. | 6 (1.4) | 21 (4.9) | 69 (16.3) | 98 (23.2) | 228 (54) |
All types of COVID-19 vaccines are safe in general. | 2 (0.4) | 3 (0.7) | 91 (21.5) | 108 (25.5) | 218 (51.6) |
Vaccines are important to improve human immunity. | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 133 (31.5) | 103 (24.4) | 183 (43.3) |
I advise others to take the flu shot. | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.9) | 151 (35.7) | 94 (22.2) | 172 (40.7) |
I advise others to take the COVID-19 vaccine. | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 138 (32.7) | 69 (16.3) | 214 (50.7) |
Your knowledge regarding COVID-19 vaccine types is good. | 3 (0.7) | 12 (2.8) | 72 (17) | 104 (24.6) | 231 (54.7) |
COVID-19 has a negative impact on flu medications in hospitals and pharmacies. | 11 (2.6) | 11 (2.6) | 73 (17.2) | 185 (43.8) | 142 (33.6) |
COVID-19 cases are supposed to increase during flu season. | 9 (2.1) | 6 (1.4) | 73 (17.2) | 188 (44.5) | 146 (34.5) |
Increasing COVID-19 cases during flu season will negatively impact the healthcare system. | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 45 (10.6) | 177 (41.9) | 194 (45.9) |
Following preventive measures is still important even in the presence of vaccines. | 1 (0.2) | 2 (0.4) | 32 (7.5) | 155 (36.7) | 232 (54.9) |
Dependent Factors | In the Last Decade, Vaccinations like Chickenpox Vaccines Have Saved the Public from Disasters, So I Think Flu and COVID-19 Vaccines Should Be Mandatory for All Populations. | Taking COVID-19 Vaccine Will Positively Impact the Public and Economy in the Future | You Will Take the Flu Shot This Year | All Types of COVID-19 Vaccines Are Safe in General | Vaccines Are Important to Improving Human Immunity | I Advise Others to Take the Flu Shot | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Factors | |||||||
OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI), p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | ||
Sex (ref = female) | 1.252 (0.558–2.812) 0.585 | 0.688 (0.312–1.517) 0.354 | 1.562 (0.771–3.163) 0.216 | 1.078 (0.573–2.025) 0.816 | 1.496 (0.837–2.675) 0.174 | 1.35 (0.767–2.373) 0.298 | |
Age | |||||||
18–25 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
26–35 years | 2.111 (0.73–6.1) 0.168 | 3.76 (1.341–10.54) 0.012 | 1.148 (0.522–2.524) 0.731 | 2.259 (1.038–4.918) 0.04 | 0.887 (0.456–1.728) 0.725 | 0.843 (0.433–1.64) 0.615 | |
36–45 years | 3.407 (1.005–11.547) 0.049 | 3.07 (0.964–9.77) 0.058 | 2.095 (0.813–5.4) 0.126 | 2.323 (0.938–5.751) 0.068 | 0.895 (0.414–1.934) 0.778 | 0.733 (0.342–1.572) 0.424 | |
46–55 years | 7.119 (0.701–72.325) 0.097 | 1.093 (0.245–4.874) 0.907 | 0.824 (0.193–3.513) 0.794 | 1.077 (0.269–4.309) 0.917 | 1.57 (0.407–6.062) 0.513 | 0.95 (0.27–3.339) 0.936 | |
>55 years | 0.067 (0.009–0.506) 0.009 | 0.052 (0.006–0.432) 0.006 | 0.008 (0–0.144) 0.001 | 0.077 (0.011–0.556) 0.011 | 0.13 (0.02–0.823) 0.03 | 0.117 (0.018–0.78) 0.027 | |
Education level | |||||||
High school or lower | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
University | 3.288 (1.402–7.714) 0.006 | 2.428 (1.071–5.503) 0.034 | 1.798 (0.919–3.516) 0.087 | 1.05 (0.501–2.201) 0.897 | 1.567 (0.88–2.791) 0.127 | 1.767 (0.992–3.145) 0.053 | |
Postgraduate degree | 2.911 (0.738–11.485) 0.127 | 1.048 (0.256–4.285) 0.948 | 2.197 (0.635–7.602) 0.214 | 0.21 (0.066–0.669) 0.008 | 1.403 (0.504–3.904) 0.517 | 1.862 (0.67–5.176) 0.233 | |
Monthly income (Median = 9500 SR) | |||||||
Less than 5000 SR | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
5000–8000 SR | 2.5 (0.644–9.703) 0.186 | 1.159 (0.441–3.05) 0.764 | 3.679 (1.302–10.393) 0.014 | 1.156 (0.526–2.541) 0.719 | 1.712 (0.821–3.572) 0.152 | 2.051 (0.995–4.228) 0.051 | |
8000–15,000 SR | 1.249 (0.346–4.507) 0.734 | 3.795 (0.976–14.749) 0.054 | 0.57 (0.231–1.403) 0.221 | 2.411 (0.877–6.627) 0.088 | 1.051 (0.483–2.288) 0.9 | 1.039 (0.484–2.228) 0.923 | |
>15,000 SR | 0.678 (0.134–3.427) 0.638 | 4.659 (0.505–43.017) 0.175 | 0.298 (0.081–1.088) 0.067 | 1.114 (0.303–4.088) 0.871 | 0.914 (0.295–2.83) 0.876 | 0.56 (0.186–1.685) 0.302 | |
Employment status | |||||||
Unemployed | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
Student | 0.464 (0.149–1.448) 0.186 | 0.813 (0.285–2.319) 0.699 | 0.55 (0.234–1.293) 0.171 | 0.851 (0.375–1.93) 0.699 | 0.641 (0.311–1.319) 0.227 | 0.47 (0.228–0.967) 0.04 | |
Government sector job | 0.101 (0.026–0.401) 0.001 | 0.172 (0.043–0.684) 0.012 | 0.512 (0.186–1.41) 0.195 | 0.38 (0.133–1.084) 0.071 | 0.489 (0.211–1.137) 0.096 | 0.464 (0.202–1.067) 0.071 | |
Private sector job | 0.239 (0.059–0.96) 0.044 | 0.231 (0.07–0.764) 0.016 | 0.372 (0.125–1.108) 0.076 | 0.22 (0.086–0.565) 0.002 | 1.027 (0.398–2.649) 0.956 | 0.851 (0.339–2.137) 0.732 | |
Residence area (ref = rural) | 0.774 (0.301–1.994) 0.596 | 0.155 (0.039–0.614) 0.008 | 0.339 (0.143–0.807) 0.015 | 0.42 (0.189–0.932) 0.033 | 0.942 (0.523–1.696) 0.842 | 0.677 (0.374–1.228) 0.2 | |
Have you been diagnosed with COVID-19 or Flu since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (ref = no) | 1.326 (0.576–3.055) 0.508 | 1.036 (0.473–2.272) 0.929 | 0.969 (0.509–1.845) 0.924 | 0.665 (0.369–1.2) 0.175 | 1.564 (0.887–2.758) 0.122 | 1.224 (0.714–2.098) 0.462 | |
Have you received flu vaccines since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (ref = no) | 1.983 (0.799–4.925) 0.14 | 3.223 (1.218–8.529) 0.018 | 46.977 (6.286–351.085) 0.001 | 2.189 (1.105–4.335) 0.025 | 2.753 (1.468–5.162) 0.002 | 3.958 (2.101–7.457) 0.001 |
Dependent Factors | I Advise Others to take COVID-19 Vaccine | Your Knowledge Regarding COVID-19 Vaccines Types is Good | COVID-19 Has A negative Impact on Flu Medications in Hospitals and Pharmacies | COVID-19 Cases Are Supposed to Increase during Flu Season | Increasing COVID-19 Cases during Flu Season Will Negatively Impact the Healthcare System | Following Preventive Measures Are Still Important even in the Presence of Vaccines | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent Factors | |||||||
OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI), p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | OR (95% CI) p-Value | ||
Sex (ref = female) | 1.009 (0.575–1.773) 0.974 | 0.858 (0.441–1.67) 0.652 | 1.011 (0.528–1.936) 0.974 | 1.18 (0.609–2.286) 0.624 | 0.569 (0.249–1.297) 0.18 | 0.604 (0.207–1.765) 0.357 | |
Age | |||||||
18–25 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
26–35 years | 1.067 (0.551–2.066) 0.848 | 5.378 (2.397–12.067) 0.001 | 1.104 (0.529–2.301) 0.793 | 2.229 (1.019–4.872) 0.045 | 4.678 (1.789–12.235) 0.002 | 6.539 (1.99–21.488) 0.002 | |
36–45 years | 0.949 (0.442–2.036) 0.893 | 4.662 (1.901–11.43) 0.001 | 1.3 (0.546–3.095) 0.554 | 1.93 (0.799–4.664) 0.144 | 4.184 (1.355–12.922) 0.013 | 19.856 (3.241–121.655) 0.001 | |
46–55 years | 1.294 (0.36–4.647) 0.693 | 1.702 (0.476–6.085) 0.413 | 0.803 (0.225–2.861) 0.735 | 1.445 (0.363–5.752) 0.601 | 5.493 (0.905–33.341) 0.064 | 3.616 (0.568–23.012) 0.173 | |
>55 years | 0.151 (0.024–0.953) 0.044 | 0.179 (0.026–1.216) 0.078 | 0.402 (0.069–2.33) 0.309 | 0.334 (0.055–2.016) 0.232 | 0.303 (0.041–2.227) 0.241 | 0.057 (0.005–0.623) 0.019 | |
Education level | |||||||
High school or lower | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
University | 1.695 (0.955–3.009) 0.072 | 1.155 (0.571–2.335) 0.689 | 1.98 (1.076–3.642) 0.028 | 1.324 (0.663–2.645) 0.427 | 2.337 (1.099–4.97) 0.028 | 1.47 (0.574–3.764) 0.422 | |
Postgraduate degree | 2.065 (0.729–5.846) 0.172 | 1.577 (0.467–5.324) 0.463 | 1.874 (0.596–5.892) 0.282 | 0.37 (0.123–1.11) 0.076 | 5.613 (0.605–52.063) 0.129 | 2.533 (0.229–28.009) 0.449 | |
Monthly income | |||||||
Less than 5000 SR | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
5000–8000 SR | 1.906 (0.913–3.976) 0.086 | 1.283 (0.537–3.066) 0.575 | 2.775 (1.097–7.019) 0.031 | 0.781 (0.361–1.69) 0.53 | 3.44 (0.76–15.567) 0.109 | 3.963 (0.49–32.061) 0.197 | |
8000–15,000 SR | 1.473 (0.668–3.252) 0.337 | 0.815 (0.323–2.053) 0.664 | 1.741 (0.682–4.443) 0.246 | 0.935 (0.372–2.348) 0.886 | 0.686 (0.216–2.182) 0.523 | 0.358 (0.094–1.372) 0.134 | |
>15,000 SR | 0.905 (0.3–2.735) 0.86 | 0.375 (0.108–1.303) 0.123 | 2.828 (0.638–12.53) 0.171 | 0.436 (0.129–1.474) 0.182 | Cannot be computed | Cannot be computed | |
Employment status | |||||||
Unemployed | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |
Student | 0.724 (0.354–1.482) 0.377 | 2.512 (1.075–5.867) 0.033 | 1.203 (0.529–2.735) 0.659 | 1.044 (0.458–2.381) 0.918 | 2.179 (0.821–5.78) 0.118 | 3.974 (1.077–14.668) 0.038 | |
Government sector job | 0.436 (0.186–1.019) 0.055 | 0.434 (0.161–1.174) 0.1 | 0.535 (0.195–1.464) 0.223 | 0.822 (0.303–2.225) 0.699 | 0.849 (0.228–3.156) 0.806 | 0.872 (0.183–4.153) 0.863 | |
Private sector job | 0.899 (0.356–2.266) 0.821 | 0.516 (0.191–1.393) 0.192 | 1.073 (0.39–2.953) 0.891 | 0.784 (0.296–2.074) 0.624 | 2.16 (0.419–11.122) 0.357 | 1.42 (0.247–8.152) 0.694 | |
Residence area (ref = rural) | 0.839 (0.466–1.51) 0.558 | 0.363 (0.154–0.859) 0.021 | 0.502 (0.244–1.031) 0.06 | 0.454 (0.206–1.001) 0.05 | 0.512 (0.203–1.29) 0.156 | 0.168 (0.037–0.771) 0.022 | |
Have you been diagnosed with COVID-19 or Flu since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (ref = no) | 1.21 (0.702–2.086) 0.493 | 1.26 (0.66–2.404) 0.484 | 2.293 (1.15–4.572) 0.018 | 1.902 (0.964–3.751) 0.064 | 2.409 (0.937–6.197) 0.068 | 14.373 (1.708–120.975) 0.014 | |
Have you received flu vaccines since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic? (ref = no) | 3.092 (1.649–5.795) 0.001 | 1.709 (0.869–3.365) 0.121 | 0.891 (0.488–1.624) 0.705 | 1.031 (0.548–1.939) 0.925 | 1.502 (0.608–3.715) 0.378 | 5.654 (1.155–27.677) 0.033 |
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Alshahrani, S.M.; Alfatease, A.; Orayj, K.; Alqahtani, A.M.; Alqahtani, T. Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines 2023, 11, 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030558
Alshahrani SM, Alfatease A, Orayj K, Alqahtani AM, Alqahtani T. Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines. 2023; 11(3):558. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030558
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlshahrani, Sultan M., Adel Alfatease, Khalid Orayj, Ali M. Alqahtani, and Taha Alqahtani. 2023. "Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia" Vaccines 11, no. 3: 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030558
APA StyleAlshahrani, S. M., Alfatease, A., Orayj, K., Alqahtani, A. M., & Alqahtani, T. (2023). Public Perception towards Vaccines as Preventive Measures against a Twindemic (Seasonal Influenza and COVID-19): A Cross-Sectional Study from the Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines, 11(3), 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030558