Are Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake? A Population-Based Online Survey in Nigeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations and Participant Recruitment
3. Results
3.1. Participant Sociodemographic Characteristics and COVID-19 Vaccination Status
3.2. Fear of Coronavirus Disease and Vaccine Hesitancy among Participants
3.3. Fear of Coronavirus Disease and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake
3.4. Reasons for Vaccine Refusal and COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Responses | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Age, y (Mean ± SD) | – | 31.86 ± 9.10 | – |
Sex | Female | 180 | 31.3 |
Male | 395 | 68.7 | |
Geopolitical zone | North-east | 356 | 62.1 |
North-west | 123 | 21.5 | |
North-central | 42 | 7.3 | |
South-east | 11 | 1.9 | |
South-south | 20 | 3.5 | |
South-west | 21 | 3.7 | |
COVID-19 vaccination status | Vaccinated | 158 | 27.7 |
Unvaccinated | 413 | 72.3 |
Variables | Categories | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
I am most afraid of corona | Agree | 1.70 (1.06–2.63) * | 1.34 (0.72–2.51) |
Disagree | 1.40 (0.90–2.45) | 1.36 (0.70–2.63) | |
Neutral | 1 | 1 | |
It makes me uncomfortable to think about corona | Agree | 1.53 (0.96–2.44) | 1.48 (0.78–2.78) |
Disagree | 1.03 (0.61–1.73) | 0.84 (0.43–1.63) | |
Neutral | 1 | 1 | |
My hands become clammy when I think of corona | Agree | 1.14 (0.68–1.92) | 0.73 (0.38–1.42) |
Disagree | 1.12 (0.70–1.79) | 1.42 (0.77–2.61) | |
Neutral | 1 | 1 | |
I am afraid of losing my life because of corona | Agree | 1.24 (0.75–2.07) | 1.17 (0.59–2.32) |
Disagree | 0.86 (0.49–1.49) | 0.98 (0.50–1.96) | |
Neutral | 1 | 1 | |
When I watch news about corona on social media, I become nervous | Agree | 1.26 (0.78–2.03) | 0.95 (0.52–1.75) |
Disagree | 1.17 (0.69–1.98) | 1.42 (0.75–2.69) | |
Neutral | 1 | ||
I can’t sleep because I am worried about getting corona | Agree | 1.17 (0.62–2.24) | 0.96 (0.42–2.22) |
Disagree | 0.86 (0.52–1.41) | 0.99 (0.51–1.90) | |
Neutral | 1 | 1 | |
My heart palpitates when I think about getting corona | Agree | 0.98 (0.58–1.68) | 0.85 (0.42–1.69) |
Disagree | 0.63 (0.40–1.04) | 0.47 (0.25–0.90) | |
Neutral | 1 | 1 | |
Sex | Male | 0.79 (0.53–1.16) | 0.88 (0.55–1.40) |
Female | 1 | 1 | |
Geopolitical zone | North-east | 1.00 (0.38–2.65) | 0.79 (0.27–2.30) |
North-west | 0.77 (0.27–2.17) | 0.75 (0.24–2.31) | |
North-central | 0.78 (0.24–2.55) | 0.50 (0.14–1.82) | |
South-east | 1.43 (0.30–6.74) | 0.82 (0.13–5.12) | |
South-south | 1.68 (0.45–6.13) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | |
South-west | 1 | 1 | |
Age | – | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) |
Variables | Categories | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Doubt about vaccination | No | 2.79 (1.90–4.09) | 2.56 (1.57–4.17) *** |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |
Concerns about vaccine safety | No | 1.26 (0.83–1.91) | 0.72 (0.43–1.24) |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |
Fear of adverse events | No | 2.14 (1.46–3.15) *** | 0.94 (0.53–1.68) |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |
Misconceptions about safety and efficacy | No | 2.92 (2.00–4.26) *** | 2.15 (1.24–3.71) ** |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |
Concerns about immune system exposure | No | 2.25 (1.54–3.29) *** | 1.79 (1.06–3.01) * |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |
Negative past experience with vaccine | No | 0.62 (0.41–0.95) * | 0.54 (0.33–0.89) * |
Yes | 1 | 1 | |
Sex | Male | 0.79 (0.53–1.16) | 0.71 (0.44–1.16) |
Female | 1 | 1 | |
Geopolitical zone | North-east | 1.00 (0.38–2.65) | 1.14 (0.38–3.38) |
North-west | 0.77 (0.27–2.17) | 0.80 (0.26–2.51) | |
North-central | 0.78 (0.24–2.55) | 0.72 (0.20–2.67) | |
South-east | 1.43 (0.30–6.74) | 1.14 (0.17–7.72) | |
South-south | 1.68 (0.45–6.13) | 0.91 (0.19–4.28) | |
South-west | 1 | 1 | |
Age | – | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 1.03 (1.00–1.05)* |
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Chutiyami, M.; Salihu, D.; Bello, U.M.; Winser, S.J.; Gambo, A.A.; Sabo, H.; Kolo, A.M.; Jalo, H.A.; Muhammad, A.S.; Mahmud, F.A.; et al. Are Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake? A Population-Based Online Survey in Nigeria. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1271. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081271
Chutiyami M, Salihu D, Bello UM, Winser SJ, Gambo AA, Sabo H, Kolo AM, Jalo HA, Muhammad AS, Mahmud FA, et al. Are Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake? A Population-Based Online Survey in Nigeria. Vaccines. 2022; 10(8):1271. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081271
Chicago/Turabian StyleChutiyami, Muhammad, Dauda Salihu, Umar Muhammad Bello, Stanley John Winser, Amina Abdullahi Gambo, Hadiza Sabo, Adam Mustapha Kolo, Hussaina Abubakar Jalo, Abdullahi Salisu Muhammad, Fatima Ado Mahmud, and et al. 2022. "Are Fear of COVID-19 and Vaccine Hesitancy Associated with COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake? A Population-Based Online Survey in Nigeria" Vaccines 10, no. 8: 1271. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081271