Immunosenescence and Altered Vaccine Efficiency in Older Subjects: A Myth Difficult to Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Immune Response Assuring an Effective Vaccine Response
3. What Are the Changes That Are Commonly Considered to Alter the Vaccine Response with Ageing?
4. New Evidence from Experimental Data on Vaccine Response in Old Age
5. How Does the ageing Immune System Respond to Various Existing Vaccines and How Do the Vaccine Modifications Improve the Response?
6. Perspective on Mathematical Modelling, Illustrating the Role of Immunobiography in Vaccine Efficiency
7. What Is the Future?
8. Conclusions and Perspective
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vaccines | Younger Individuals | Older Individuals |
---|---|---|
Influenza | ||
Standard dose | +/− | - |
High dose | + | ++ |
Herpes Zoster | ||
Zostavax | NIL | + |
Shingrix | NIL | ++ |
SARS-CoV-2 (after 3rd dose) | + | + |
Pneumococcus | ||
Polysaccharide | +/− | - |
Conjugated | + | + |
Yellow fever | + | + |
Hepatitis B virus | + | + |
Japanese encephalitis virus | + | + |
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Fulop, T.; Larbi, A.; Pawelec, G.; Cohen, A.A.; Provost, G.; Khalil, A.; Lacombe, G.; Rodrigues, S.; Desroches, M.; Hirokawa, K.; et al. Immunosenescence and Altered Vaccine Efficiency in Older Subjects: A Myth Difficult to Change. Vaccines 2022, 10, 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040607
Fulop T, Larbi A, Pawelec G, Cohen AA, Provost G, Khalil A, Lacombe G, Rodrigues S, Desroches M, Hirokawa K, et al. Immunosenescence and Altered Vaccine Efficiency in Older Subjects: A Myth Difficult to Change. Vaccines. 2022; 10(4):607. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040607
Chicago/Turabian StyleFulop, Tamas, Anis Larbi, Graham Pawelec, Alan A. Cohen, Guillaume Provost, Abedelouahed Khalil, Guy Lacombe, Serafim Rodrigues, Mathieu Desroches, Katsuiku Hirokawa, and et al. 2022. "Immunosenescence and Altered Vaccine Efficiency in Older Subjects: A Myth Difficult to Change" Vaccines 10, no. 4: 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040607
APA StyleFulop, T., Larbi, A., Pawelec, G., Cohen, A. A., Provost, G., Khalil, A., Lacombe, G., Rodrigues, S., Desroches, M., Hirokawa, K., Franceschi, C., & Witkowski, J. M. (2022). Immunosenescence and Altered Vaccine Efficiency in Older Subjects: A Myth Difficult to Change. Vaccines, 10(4), 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040607