Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions and Vaccination Acceptance/Hesitancy among the Community Pharmacists of Palermo’s Province, Italy: From Influenza to COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Baseline Survey
- Socio-demographic aspects: age, gender, residence, work location;
- Anamnestic data: presence of chronic diseases and type of disease;
- Knowledge and attitudes regarding vaccination and VPDs: confidence in scientific research and attitudes towards the influenza vaccine and other vaccinations, adherence to seasonal influenza vaccination;
- Willingness to be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 and reasons for vaccination adherence or refusal;
- Knowledge and perceptions on the role of alternative treatment in combating COVID-19: hyperimmune plasma or other alternative strategies.
2.2. Post Vaccination Survey
- Adherence to the COVID-19 vaccination campaign;
- Possible changes of opinion to receive the COVID-19 vaccination as compared to the first questionnaire;
- The main reason in changing opinion on COVID-19 vaccine administration;
- Possible involvement during the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaign;
- Perceptions on the need to improve knowledge and training on vaccination and VPDs;
- The quality of the service offered by the vaccination reference center.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Survey (January–March 2021)
3.2. Post-Vaccination Survey
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- San-Juan-Rodriguez, A.; Newman, T.V.; Hernandez, I.; Swart, E.C.S.; Klein-Fedyshin, M.; Shrank, W.H.; Parekh, N. Impact of community pharmacist-provided preventive services on clinical, utilization, and economic outcomes: An umbrella review. Prev. Med. 2018, 115, 145–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American Pharmacists Association. Guidelines for Pharmacybased Immunization Advocacy. Available online: http://www.pharmacist.com/guidelines-pharmacybased-immunization-advocacy (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Isenor, J.E.; Edwards, N.T.; Alia, T.A.; Slayter, K.L.; MacDougall, D.M.; McNeil, S.A.; Bowles, S.K. Impact of pharmacists as immunizers on vaccination rates: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Vaccine 2016, 34, 5708–5723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grabenstein, J.D.; Guess, H.A.; Hartzema, A.G.; Koch, G.G.; Konrad, T.R. Attitudinal factors among adult prescription recipients associated with choice of where to be vaccinated. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2002, 55, 279–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prosser, L.A.; O’Brien, M.A.; Molinari, N.A.M.; Hohman, K.H.; Nichol, K.L.; Messonnier, M.L.; Lieu, T.A. Non-Traditional settings for influenza vaccination of adults: Costs and cost effectiveness. Pharmacoeconomics 2008, 26, 163–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goad, J.A.; Taitel, M.S.; Fensterheim, L.E.; Cannon, A.E. Vaccinations administered during off-clinic hours at a national community pharmacy: Implications for increasing patient access and convenience. Ann. Fam. Med. 2013, 11, 429–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Warner, J.G.; Portlock, J.; Smith, J.; Rutter, P. Increasing seasonal influenza vaccination uptake using community pharmacies: Experience from the Isle of Wight, England. Int. J. Pharm. Pract. 2013, 21, 362–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papastergiou, J.; Folkins, C.; Li, W.; Zervas, J. Community pharmacist administered influenza immunization improves patient access to vaccination. Can. Pharm. J. 2014, 147, 359–365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Higginbotham, S.; Stewart, A.; Pfalzgraf, A. Impact of a pharmacist immunizer on adult immunization rates. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2012, 52, 367–371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murphy, P.A.; Frazee, S.G.; Cantlin, J.P.; Cohen, E.; Rosan, J.R.; Harshburger, D.E. Pharmacy provision of influenza vaccinations in medically underserved communities. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2012, 52, 67–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taitel, M.; Cohen, E.; Duncan, I.; Pegus, C. Pharmacists as providers: Targeting pneumococcal vaccinations to high risk populations. Vaccine 2011, 29, 8073–8076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Early-Season Flu Vaccination Coverage—United States. November 2018. Updated 14 December 2018. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/nifs-estimates-nov2018.htm (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Domnich, A.; Cambiaggi, M.; Vasco, A.; Maraniello, L.; Ansaldi, F.; Baldo, V.; Bonanni, P.; Calabrò, G.E.; Costantino, C.; Waure, C.; et al. Attitudes and Beliefs on Influenza Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from a Representative Italian Survey. Vaccines 2020, 8, 711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buchan, S.A.; Rosella, L.C.; Finkelstein, M.; Juurlink, D.; Isenor, J.; Marra, F.; Patel, A.; Russell, M.L.; Quach, S.; Waite, N.; et al. Impact of pharmacist administration of influenza vaccines on uptake in Canada. Cmaj 2017, 189, E146–E152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Ledda, C.; Costantino, C.; Cuccia, M.; Maltezou, H.C.; Rapisarda, V. Attitudes of Healthcare Personnel towards Vaccinations before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Isenor, J.E.; Alia, T.A.; Killen, J.L.; Billard, B.A.; Halperin, B.A.; Slayter, K.L.; McNeil, S.A.; MacDougall, D.; Bowles, S.K. Impact of pharmacists as immunizers on influenza vaccination coverage in Nova Scotia, Canada. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2016, 12, 1225–1228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Galistiani, G.F.; Matuz, M.; Matuszka, N.; Doró, P.; Schváb, K.; Engi, Z.; Benkő, R. Determinants of influenza vaccine uptake and willingness to be vaccinated by pharmacists among the active adult population in Hungary: A cross-sectional exploratory study. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dettori, M.; Arghittu, A.; Deiana, G.; Azara, A.; Masia, M.D.; Palmieri, A.; Spano, A.L.; Serra, A.; Castiglia, P. Influenza Vaccination Strategies in Healthcare Workers: A Cohort Study (2018–2021) in an Italian University Hospital. Vaccines 2021, 9, 971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaccaro, C.M. Gli Anziani e la Farmacia: Un Rapporto Privilegiato da Potenziare. Available online: https://www.federfarma.it/Documenti/Indagini/AnzianiFarmacia.aspx (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Costantino, C.; Calamusa, G.; Cusimano, R.; Firenze, A.; Romano, N.; Trecca, A.; Vitale, F. A proposal for an evidence-based model of the screening for the colorectal carcinoma in an Italian setting. J. Prev. Med. Hyg. 2011, 52, 191–195. [Google Scholar]
- Scarpitta, F.; Restivo, V.; Bono, C.M.; Sannasardo, C.E.; Vella, C.; Ventura, G.; Bono, S.; Palmeri, S.; Caracci, F.; Casuccio, A.; et al. The role of the Community Pharmacist in promoting vaccinations among general population according to the National Vaccination Plan 2017–2019: Results from a survey in Sicily, Italy. Ann. Ig. 2019, 31 (Suppl. 1), 25–35. [Google Scholar]
- Davì, S.; Cimino, L.; Alba, D.; Conforto, A.; Costantino, C. Knowledge and attitudes of general population belonging to pharmacies of the Province of Palermo regarding the colorectal carcinoma screening: Results of a cross-sectional study. Euro Mediterr. Biomed. J. 2020, 15, 186–190. [Google Scholar]
- Conferenza Permanente per i Rapporti tra lo Stato, le Regioni e le Province Autonome di Trento e Bolzano del 25 Marzo 2021. Available online: https://www.statoregioni.it/media/3367/odg-csr-25mar2021.pdf (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Ministero della Salute. Piano Nazionale della Prevenzione Vaccinale (PNPV) 2017–2019. Available online: http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_2571_allegato.pdf (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Società Italiana di Farmacologia. I Vaccini e le Vaccinazioni. Available online: http://www.fimp.pro/images/vaccini.pdf (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Accordo Quadro tra il Governo, le Regioni e le Province Autonome, Federfarma e Assofarm per la Somministrazione da Parte dei Farmacisti dei Vaccini anti SARS-CoV-2. Available online: https://www.quotidianosanita.it/allegati/allegato8967320.pdf (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Vaccini in Farmacia: Ecco L’elenco di chi ha Aderito nella Provincia di Palermo. Available online: https://www.palermotoday.it/cronaca/coronavirus-vaccini-elenco-farmacie-provincia-palermo.html (accessed on 27 August 2021).
- Link to the Survey: “Conoscenze, Attitudini e Pratiche nei Confronti del SARS-CoV-2 e del COVID-19 tra i Farmacisti di Palermo e Provincia”. Available online: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSftEJki1duxzL4vn6NonxPlzCHW0WBNY6xpFlBjFu_-9KTL7Q/viewform?usp=pp_url (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Costantino, C.; Cannizzaro, E.; Verso, M.G.; Tramuto, F.; Maida, C.M.; Lacca, G.; Alba, D.; Cimino, L.; Conforto, A.; Cirrincione, L.; et al. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Healthcare Professionals and General Population During “First Wave” of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Sicily, Italy. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 644008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monitoraggio Settimanale Covid-19. Available online: www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioNotizieNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=5806 (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Cirrincione, L.; Rapisarda, V.; Mazzucco, W.; Provenzano, R.; Cannizzaro, E. SARS-CoV-2 and the Risk Assessment Document in Italian Work; Specific or Generic Risk Even If Aggravated? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 2, 3729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grech, V. Fake news and post-truth pronouncements in general and in early human development. Early Hum. Dev. 2017, 115, 118–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Puri, N.; Coomes, E.A.; Haghbayan, H.; Gunaratne, K. Socialmedia and vaccine hesitancy: New updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2020, 16, 1780846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Millner, V.S.; Eichold, B.H.; Franks, R.D.; Johnson, G.D. Influenza vaccicination acceptance and refusal rates among health care personnel. South. Med. J. 2010, 103, 993–998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Montalti, M.; Di Valerio, Z.; Rallo, F.; Squillace, L.; Costantino, C.; Tomasello, F.; Mauro, G.L.; Stillo, M.; Perrone, P.; Resi, D.; et al. Attitudes toward the SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Vaccination in the Metropolitan Cities of Bologna and Palermo, Italy. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Badertscher, N.; Morell, S.; Rosemann, T.; Tandjung, R. General practitioners’ experiences, attitudes, and opinions regarding the pneumococcal vaccination for adults: A qualitative study. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2012, 5, 967–974. [Google Scholar]
- Arghittu, A.; Deiana, G.; Dettori, M.; Dempsey, E.; Masia, M.D.; Plamieri, A.; Spano, A.L.; Azara, A.; Castiglia, P. Web-Based analysis on the role of Digital Media in Health Communication: The experience of VaccinarSinSardegna Website. Acta Biomed. 2021, 92, e2021456. [Google Scholar]
- Costantino, C.; Mazzucco, W.; Bonaccorso, N.; Cimino, L.; Conforto, A.; Sciortino, M.; Catalano, G.; D’Anna, M.R.; Maiorana, A.; Venezia, R.; et al. Educational Interventions on Pregnancy Vaccinations during Childbirth Classes Improves Vaccine Coverages among Pregnant Women in Palermo’s Province. Vaccines 2021, 8, 1455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lucia, V.C.; Kelekar, A.; Afonso, N.M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among medical students. J. Public Health 2020, 43, 445–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verger, P.; Scronias, D.; Dauby, N. Attitudes of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: A survey in France and French-speaking parts of Belgium and Canada, 2020. Euro Surveill. 2021, 26, 2002047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shekhar, R.; Sheikh, A.B.; Upadhyay, S.; Singh, M.; Kottewar, S.; Mir, H.; Barrett, E.; Pal, S. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in the United States. Vaccines 2021, 9, 119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gagneux-Brunon, A.; Detoc, M.; Bruel, S.; Tardy, B.; Rozaire, O.; Frappe, P.; Botelho-Nevers, E. Intention to get vaccinations against COVID-19 in French healthcare workers during the first pandemic wave: A cross-sectional survey. J. Hosp. Infect. 2021, 108, 168–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gadoth, A.; Halbrook, M.; Martin-Blais, R.; Gray, A.; Tobin, N.H.; Ferbas, K.G.; Aldrovandi, G.M.; Rimoin, A.W. Cross-Sectional assessment of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in Los Angeles. Ann. Intern. Med. 2021, 174, 882–885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fiore, A.E.; Shay, D.K.; Haber, P.; Iskander, J.K.; Uyeki, T.M.; Mootrey, G.; Bresee, J.S.; Cox, N.J.; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2007. MMWR Recomm. Rep. 2007, 56, 1–54. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Decreto-Legge 26 Novembre 2021, n. 172 (in Gazzetta Ufficiale—Serie Generale—n. 282 del 26 Novembre 2021). Available online: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2022-01-25&atto.codiceRedazionale=22A00550&elenco30giorni=false (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Thompson, M.G.; Burgess, J.L.; Naleway, A.L.; Tyner, H.L.; Yoon, S.K.; Meece, J.; Olsho, L.E.W.; Caban-Martinez, A.J.; Fowlkes, A.; Lutrick, K.; et al. Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers—Eight U.S. Locations, December 2020–March 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2021, 70, 495–500. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, D.Y.; Gu, Y.; Zeng, D.; Janes, H.E.; Gilbert, P.B. Evaluating Vaccine Efficacy Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2022, 3, 544–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costantino, C.; Restivo, V.; Amodio, E.; Colomba, G.M.E.; Vitale, F.; Tramuto, F. A mid-term estimate of 2018/2019 vaccine effectiveness to prevent laboratory confirmed A(H1N1) pdm09 and A(H3N2) influenza cases in Sicily (Italy). Vaccine 2019, 37, 5812–5816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vasileiou, E.; Simpson, C.R.; Shi, T.; Kerr, S.; Agrawal, U.; Akbari, A.; Bedston, S.; Beggs, J.; Bradley, D.; Chuter, A. Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: A national prospective cohort study. Lancet 2021, 397, 1646–1657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines. November 2018. Updated 7 February 2021. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/covid19_vaccine_safety.html (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Costantino, A.; Topa, M.; Roncoroni, L.; Doneda, L.; Lombardo, V.; Stocco, D.; Gramegna, A.; Costantino, C.; Vecchi, M.; Elli, L. COVID-19 Vaccine: A Survey of Hesitancy in Patients with Celiac Disease. Vaccines 2021, 9, 511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salomoni, M.G.; Di Valerio, Z.; Gabrielli, E.; Montalti, M.; Tedesco, D.; Guaraldi, F.; Gori, D. Hesitant or Not Hesitant? A Systematic Review on Global COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Different Populations. Vaccines 2021, 9, 873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costantino, C.; Caracci, F.; Brandi, M.; Bono, S.E.; Ferro, A.; Sannasardo, C.E.; Scarpitta, F.; Siddu, A.; Vella, C.; Ventura, G.; et al. Determinants of vaccine hesitancy and effectiveness of vaccination counseling interventions among a sample of the general population in Palermo, Italy. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2020, 16, 2415–2421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Costantino, C.; Restivo, V.; Tramuto, F.; Casuccio, A.; Vitale, F. Influenza vaccination of healthcare workers in Italy: Could mandatory vaccination be a solution to protect patients? Future Microbiol. 2019, 14, 45–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel—United States, 2020–2021 Influenza Season. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/hcp-coverage_1920-21-estimates.htm#:~:text=The%20Advisory%20Committee%20on%20Immunization,HCP%20(1%2D6) (accessed on 24 October 2021).
- Costantino, C.; Restivo, V.; Gaglio, V.; Lanza, G.L.M.; Marotta, C.; Maida, C.M.; Mazzucco, W.; Casuccio, A.; Torregrossa, M.V.; Vitale, F. Effectiveness of an educational intervention on seasonal influenza vaccination campaign adherence among healthcare workers of the Palermo University Hospital, Italy. Ann. Ig. 2019, 31, 35–44. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
n (%) | |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 511 (35.3) |
Female | 939 (64.7) |
Mean age ± SD, in years | 46.3 ± 15.7 |
Residence | |
Palermo | 870 (60) |
Municipalities in the Palermo province | 493 (34) |
Other municipalities | 87 (6) |
Workplace | |
Community pharmacy | 1218 (84) |
Para-pharmacy | 87 (6) |
Other | 145 (10) |
Personal risk of contracting severe COVID-19 disease | |
Low | 290 (20) |
Middle | 638 (44) |
High | 522 (36) |
Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination | |
Yes | 928 (64) |
No | 522 (36) |
If yes, please specify the main reason | |
Protect themselves | 436 (47) |
Protect their families | 408 (44) |
Working reasons (high risk of exposure) | 84 (9) |
If no, please specify the main reason | |
Limited risk of exposure to COVID-19 | 302 (57.8) |
Vaccination considered not safe | 176 (33.7) |
Vaccination considered not necessary | 44 (8.5) |
Fear of COVID-19 vaccination’s long-term side effects | |
Yes | 725 (50) |
No | 725 (50) |
Best strategy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection | |
Vaccination | 986 (68) |
Hyperimmune plasma | 290 (20) |
Other strategies | 174 (12) |
n (%) | |
---|---|
Vaccine confidence in the prevention of VPDs | |
Yes | 1334 (92) |
No | 116 (8) |
Adherence to influenza vaccination | |
Yes | 841 (58) |
No | 609 (42) |
If yes, please specify the main reason | |
Protect themselves | 547 (65) |
Protect their families | 143 (17) |
Working reasons | 151 (18) |
If no, please specify the main reason | |
Unnecessary vaccination | 317 (52) |
No exposure to influenza | 249 (41) |
Unsafe vaccination | 43 (7) |
Influenza Vaccination Adherence (Yes vs. No) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CIs) | p-Value | Adj-OR (95% CIs) | p-Value | |
Gender | ||||
Female | Reference | 0.85 | ||
Male | 1.02 (0.82–1.25) | |||
Age category | ||||
≤50 years | Ref | 0.40 | ||
≥51 years | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | |||
Residence | ||||
Palermo Province/Outside Province mun. | Ref | 0.24 | ||
Palermo municipalities | 1.28 (0.85–1.95) | |||
Vaccine confidence in preventing VPDs | ||||
No | Ref | <0.05 | Ref | 0.55 |
Yes | 1.49 (1.03–2.16) | 1.14 (0.74–1.74) | ||
Fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2 | ||||
No | Ref | 0.18 | Ref | 0.62 |
Yes | 1.22 (0.91–1.62) | 0.92 (0.66–1.28) | ||
Personal risk of contracting severe COVID-19 disease | ||||
Low/medium | Ref | 0.11 | Ref | 0.86 |
High | 1.23 (0.95–1.60) | 1.02 (0.76–1.37) | ||
Best strategy in preventing COVID-19 disease | ||||
Hyperimmune plasma/other strategies | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.01 |
Vaccination | 1.52 (1.23–1.88) | 1.44 (1.13–1.82) | ||
Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination | ||||
No | Ref | 0.45 | ||
Yes | 1.08 (0.88–1.37) |
Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Vaccination (Yes vs. No) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR (95% CIs) | p-Value | Adj-OR (95% CIs) | p-Value | |
Gender | ||||
Female | Reference | 0.50 | ||
Male | 1.07 (0.86–1.34) | |||
Age category | ||||
≤50 years | Ref | 0.47 | ||
≥51 years | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | |||
Residence | ||||
Palermo Province/Outside Province mun. | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | 0.18 |
Palermo municipalities | 2.60 (1.71–3.96) | 1.28 (0.87–2.64) | ||
Vaccine confidence in preventing VPDs | ||||
No | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.05 |
Yes | 2.71 (1.87–3.93) | 1.76 (1.11–2.80) | ||
Fear of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection | ||||
No | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.05 |
Yes | 2.34 (1.75–3.14) | 1.50 (1.06–2.11) | ||
Personal risk of contracting severe COVID-19 disease | ||||
Low | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | 0.20 |
High | 1.88 (1.44–2.45) | 1.21 (0.90–1.64) | ||
Fear of side effects of COVID-19 vaccine | ||||
Yes | Ref | 0.11 | Ref | 0.26 |
No | 1.18 (0.96–1.46) | 1.15 (0.92–1.43) | ||
Best strategy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 | ||||
Hyperimmune plasma/Other strategies | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.001 |
Vaccination | 2.30 (1.85–2.87) | 1.79 (1.39–2.29) | ||
Influenza vaccination adherence during 2020/2021 | ||||
No | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | <0.001 |
Yes | 3.63 (2.56–4.89) | 3.25 (2.23–4.25) |
n (%) | |
---|---|
Adherence to COVID-19 vaccination | |
Yes | 1391 (100) |
No | 0 (0) |
Vaccination at the Hub of the University Hospital of Palermo | |
Yes | 992 (71.3) |
No | 399 (28.7) |
Satisfaction level of the Hub of the University Hospital of Palermo | |
Excellent | 500 (35.9) |
Very good | 671 (48.3) |
Good | 140 (10) |
Acceptable | 60 (4.4) |
Unacceptable | 20 (1.4) |
Opinion change towards COVID-19 vaccination in the last 6 months | |
Yes | 140 (10) |
No | 1251 (90) |
If opinion changed, what is the main reason? | |
Mandatory vaccination for HCPs | 90 (64.3) |
Fear of contracting COVID-19 disease | 39 (27.8) |
Being involved into the vaccination campaign | 11 (7.9) |
Involvement in COVID-19 vaccination campaign | |
Yes | 420 (30) |
No | 971 (70) |
If involved, in what capacity? | |
Vaccine preparation and administration in community pharmacies | 340 (80.9) |
Vaccine preparation at vaccination hubs of the Palermo Province | 80 (19.1) |
Need to improve competences for COVID-19 vaccines | |
Yes | 841 (69.5) |
No | 550 (30.5) |
Need to improve competences for vaccinations in the National Vaccination Plan | |
Yes | 951 (68) |
No | 440 (32) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Costantino, C.; Graziano, G.; Bonaccorso, N.; Conforto, A.; Cimino, L.; Sciortino, M.; Scarpitta, F.; Giuffrè, C.; Mannino, S.; Bilardo, M.; et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions and Vaccination Acceptance/Hesitancy among the Community Pharmacists of Palermo’s Province, Italy: From Influenza to COVID-19. Vaccines 2022, 10, 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030475
Costantino C, Graziano G, Bonaccorso N, Conforto A, Cimino L, Sciortino M, Scarpitta F, Giuffrè C, Mannino S, Bilardo M, et al. Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions and Vaccination Acceptance/Hesitancy among the Community Pharmacists of Palermo’s Province, Italy: From Influenza to COVID-19. Vaccines. 2022; 10(3):475. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030475
Chicago/Turabian StyleCostantino, Claudio, Giorgio Graziano, Nicole Bonaccorso, Arianna Conforto, Livia Cimino, Martina Sciortino, Francesco Scarpitta, Chiara Giuffrè, Salvatore Mannino, Mario Bilardo, and et al. 2022. "Knowledge, Attitudes, Perceptions and Vaccination Acceptance/Hesitancy among the Community Pharmacists of Palermo’s Province, Italy: From Influenza to COVID-19" Vaccines 10, no. 3: 475. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030475