Public Reaction towards the Potential Side Effects of a COVID-19 Vaccine: An Italian Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
- Gender;
- Age;
- Italian region of residence, which was then recoded to divide the sample into four main geographical areas (north-west, north-east, center, and south and islands);
- Education: participants were asked their higher-ranked school degree, and were then grouped into three clusters (middle school or lower, high school degree, university degree or higher);
- Average family net income on a monthly basis, participants were then divided in two groups (above and below the median value of 1800 €/month);
- Previous vaccinal behavior (“have you ever been vaccinated against influenza?”) answered in a yes/no fashion;
- Closeness to COVID-19: participants were asked three questions (“have you ever been diagnosed with COVID-19, confirmed by a positive test?”, “has one of your relatives been diagnosed with COVID-19, confirmed by a positive test?”, and “have you been quarantined due to a close contact with a suspect COVID-19 case?”) and were asked to answer yes/no to each one.
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N | % |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 426 | 50.8 |
Male | 440 | 49.2 |
Geographical area | ||
N-W | 226 | 26.1 |
N-E | 151 | 17.5 |
Center | 174 | 20.1 |
South and islands | 314 | 36.3 |
Education | ||
Middle school or lower | 144 | 16.6 |
High school | 503 | 58.1 |
University or higher | 219 | 25.3 |
Family income | ||
Below median (≤1800 €/month) | 475 | 54.9 |
Above median (>1800 €/month) | 391 | 45.1 |
Previously vaccinated for influence | ||
Yes | 293 | 33.8 |
No | 573 | 66.2 |
Confirmed (by test) COVID-19 diagnosis in the past | ||
Yes | 109 | 12.5 |
No | 757 | 87.5 |
Confirmed (by test) COVID-19 diagnosis for a relative in the past | ||
Yes | 204 | 23.6 |
No | 661 | 76.4 |
Quarantined due to close contact with a suspect COVID-19 case | ||
Yes | 181 | 21 |
No | 684 | 79 |
I am willing to wait to receive a vaccine which I think is better | ||
Agree | 398 | 46 |
Disagree/neutral | 467 | 54 |
Variable | Mean (std. dev.) | Min–Max | Skewness | Kurtosis | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 46 (13) | 18–70 | −0.07 | −0.93 | N/A |
Risk perception | 3.79 (0.72) | 1–5 | −0.80 | 1.19 | 0.92 |
Conspiracy beliefs | 66.15 (20.07) | 0–100 | −0.49 | 0.05 | 0.89 |
Confidence | 5.00 (1.50) | 1–7 | −0.80 | 0.13 | 0.89 |
Complacency | 3.30 (1.59) | 1–7 | 0.22 | −0.84 | 0.80 |
Constrains | 2.85 (1.63) | 1–7 | 0.43 | −0.86 | 0.85 |
Calculation | 5.04 (1.39) | 1–7 | −0.62 | 0.01 | 0.82 |
Collective responsibility | 5.38 (1.39) | 1–7 | −0.56 | −0.22 | 0.76 |
Variable | B | S.E. | Wald | p-Value | Odds Ratio * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Education | 7.478 | 0.024 | |||
Education (high School) | 0.559 | 0.206 | 7.348 | 0.007 | 1.749 |
Education (university) | 0.384 | 0.237 | 2.616 | 0.106 | 1.468 |
Previously vaccinated | −0.435 | 0.158 | 7.586 | 0.006 | 0.647 |
Risk perception (z score) | 0.390 | 0.080 | 24.064 | <0.001 | 1.477 |
Conspiracy mentality (z score) | 0.426 | 0.078 | 29.529 | <0.001 | 1.531 |
Calculation (z score) | 0.351 | 0.078 | 20.123 | <0.001 | 1.420 |
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Barello, S.; Palamenghi, L.; Graffigna, G. Public Reaction towards the Potential Side Effects of a COVID-19 Vaccine: An Italian Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2022, 10, 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030429
Barello S, Palamenghi L, Graffigna G. Public Reaction towards the Potential Side Effects of a COVID-19 Vaccine: An Italian Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2022; 10(3):429. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030429
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarello, Serena, Lorenzo Palamenghi, and Guendalina Graffigna. 2022. "Public Reaction towards the Potential Side Effects of a COVID-19 Vaccine: An Italian Cross-Sectional Study" Vaccines 10, no. 3: 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030429
APA StyleBarello, S., Palamenghi, L., & Graffigna, G. (2022). Public Reaction towards the Potential Side Effects of a COVID-19 Vaccine: An Italian Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines, 10(3), 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030429