Assessment of Attitudes, Main Concerns and Sources of Knowledge Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination in Poland in the Unvaccinated Individuals—A Nationwide Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Group
3.2. Concerns about COVID-19 Vaccination
3.3. The Presence of Chronic Conditions and Main Sources of Knowledge Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination Compared to Willingness to Vaccinate
3.4. Impact of Sociodemographic Factors and the Willingness to Be Vaccinated against COVID-19
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Phase 1 (n = 463) (%) | Phase 2 (n = 1137) (%) | Phase 3 (n = 916) (%) | Total (n = 2516) (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 114 (24.6) | 222 (19.5) | 360 (39.3) | 696 (27.7) |
Female | 349 (75.4) | 915 (80.5) | 556 (60.7) | 1820 (72.34) | |
Age | 18–29 | 183 (39.5) | 626 (55.1) | 279 (30.5) | 1088 (43.2) |
30–39 | 131 (28.3) | 315 (27.7) | 333 (36.4) | 779 (31.0) | |
40–59 | 127 (27.4) | 153 (13.5) | 269 (29.4) | 549 (21.8) | |
>59 | 22 (4.8) | 43 (3.8) | 35 (3.8) | 100 (4.0) | |
Place of residence | City > 250 k population | 177 (38.2) | 471 (41.4) | 387 (42.2) | 1035 (41.1) |
City/town of 50 k–250 k population | 103 (22.2) | 215 (18.8) | 196 (21.4) | 513 (20.4) | |
Town of up to 50 k population | 87 (18.8) | 182 (16.0) | 152 (16.6) | 421 (16.7) | |
Rural area | 96 (20.7) | 270 (23.7) | 181 (19.8) | 547 (21.7) | |
Level of education | Higher (university degree) | 303 (65.4) | 687 (60.4) | 648 (70.7) | 1638 (65.1) |
Secondary | 136 (29.4) | 397 (34.9) | 226 (24.7) | 759 (30.2) | |
Vocational | 18 (3.9) | 35 (3.1) | 23 (2.5) | 76 (3.0) | |
Lower secondary | 5 (1.1) | 8 (0.7) | 10 (1.1) | 23 (0.9) | |
Primary | 1 (0.2) | 10 (0.9) | 9 (1.0) | 20 (0.8) | |
Marital status | Married | 212 (45.8) | 461 (40.5) | 537 (58.6) | 1210 (48.1) |
Domestic partnership/informal relationship | 147 (31.7) | 388 (34.1) | 206 (22.5) | 741 (29.5) | |
Single | 104 (22.5) | 288 (25.3) | 173 (18.9) | 565 (22.5) | |
Health professional | Yes | 108 (23.3) | 82 (7.2) | 87 (9.5) | 277 (11.0) |
No | 355 (76.7) | 1055 (92.8) | 829 (90.5) | 2239 (89.0) | |
Diagnosed with COVID-19 | No | 389 (84.0) | 938 (82.5) | 685 (74.8) | 2012 (80.0) |
Yes, in the past | 69 (14.9) | 179 (15.7) | 230 (25.1) | 478 (19.0) | |
Yes, currently | 5 (1.1) | 20 (1.8) | 1 (0.1) | 26 (1.0) | |
Previous vaccinations | None | 24 (5.2) | 56 (4.9) | 61 (6.7) | 141 (5.6) |
Only mandatory | 251 (54.2) | 700 (61.6) | 614 (67.0) | 1565 (62.2) | |
Mandatory and recommended | 188 (40.6) | 381 (33.5) | 241 (26.3) | 810 (32.2) | |
Chronic diseases | Yes | — | 381 (33.5) | 292 (31.9) | 673 (32.8) |
No | — | 755 (66.4) | 624 (68.1) | 1379 (67.2) | |
Opinion on mandatory vaccinations against COVID-19 | For | — | 372 (32.7) | 88 (9.6) | 460 (22.4) |
Against | — | 580 (51.0) | 761 (56.8) | 1341 (65.4) | |
No opinion | — | 184 (16.2) | 67 (7.3) | 251 (12.2) | |
Willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 | Yes, as soon as possible | 171 (36.9) | 509 (44.8) | 134 (14.6) | 814 (32.4) |
Yes, in a few months | 52 (11.2) | 66 (5.8) | 48 (5.2) | 166 (6.6) | |
Yes, in a year or more | 12 (2.6) | 22 (1.9) | 9 (1.0) | 43 (1.7) | |
No, but I might consider it in the future | 81 (17.5) | 209 (18.4) | 269 (29.4) | 559 (22.2) | |
No, never | 113 (24.4) | 254 (22.3) | 415 (45.3) | 782 (31.1) | |
I am not able to make a decision | 34 (7.3) | 77 (6.8) | 41 (4.5) | 152 (6.0) |
Concerns about COVID-19 Vaccination | Study Phase | Willingness to Vaccinate (N(%)) | p | Cramér’s V | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage of Individuals with Concerns [N(%)] | p | Yes, as Soon as Possible | Yes, in a Few Months | Yes, in over a Year | No, I Will Consider It in the Future | No, Never | I Am Not Able to Make a Decision | ||||
Vaccine adverse event | 1 | 240 (51.8) | 0.025 | 57 (23.8) | 26 (10.8) | 8 (3.3) | 53 (22.1) | 69 (28.8) | 27 (11.3) | <0.001 | 0.311 |
2 | 612 (53.8) | 198 (32.4) | 37 (6.1) | 15 (2.5) | 148 (24.2) | 153 (25.0) | 61 (10.0) | <0.001 | 0.291 | ||
3 | 537 (58.6) | 63 (11.7) | 28 (5.2) | 5 (0.9) | 168 (31.3) | 241 (44.9) | 32 (6.0) | 0.008 | 0.130 | ||
Vaccines have not been appropriately tested | 1 | 235 (50.8) | <0.001 | 35 (14.9) | 30 (12.8) | 11 (4.7) | 66 (28.1) | 71 (30.2) | 22 (9.4) | <0.001 | 0.491 |
2 | 523 (46.0) | 77 (14.7) | 31 (5.9) | 12 (2.3) | 162 (31.0) | 181 (34.6) | 60 (11.5) | <0.001 | 0.575 | ||
3 | 583 (63.6) | 30 (5.2) | 24 (4.1) | 6 (1.0) | 219 (37.6) | 275 (47.2) | 29 (5.0) | <0.001 | 0.393 | ||
Transport | 1 | 122 (26.3) | <0.001 | 53 (43.4) | 15 (12.3) | 4 (3.3) | 19 (15.6) | 23 (18.9) | 8 (6.6) | 0.422 | 0.103 |
2 | 175 (15.4) | 73 (41.7) | 13 (7.4) | 5 (2.9) | 29 (16.6) | 36 (20.6) | 19 (10.9) | 0.154 | 0.084 | ||
3 | 116 (12.7) | 10 (8.6) | 5 (4.3) | 1 (0.9) | 35 (30.2) | 62 (53.5) | 3 (2.6) | 0.256 | 0.084 | ||
Vaccine efficacy | 1 | 98 (21.2) | <0.001 | 26 (26.5) | 7 (7.14) | 1 (1.0) | 21 (21.4) | 38 (38.8) | 5 (5.1) | 0.002 | 0.203 |
2 | 341 (30.0) | 71 (20.8) | 23 (6.7) | 9 (2.6) | 92 (27.0) | 116 (34.0) | 30 (8.8) | <0.001 | 0.320 | ||
3 | 307 (33.5) | 27 (8.8) | 8 (2.6) | 4 (1.3) | 107 (34.9) | 145 (47.2) | 16 (5.2) | <0.001 | 0.158 | ||
The COVID-19 pandemic is a conspiracy | 1 | 66 (14.3) | 0.095 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (10.6) | 58 (87.9) | 1 (1.5) | <0.001 | 0.609 |
2 | 141 (12.4) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 24 (17.0) | 113 (80.1) | 1 (0.7) | <0.001 | 0.537 | ||
3 | 144 (15.7) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.7) | 0 | 37 (25.7) | 103 (71.5) | 2 (1.4) | — | — | ||
Other | 1 | 13 (2.8) | <0.001 | 8 (61.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (15.4) | 3 (23.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.408 | 0.105 |
2 | 76 (6.7) | 12 (15.8) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (2.6) | 19 (25.0) | 40 (52.6) | 2 (2.6) | <0.001 | 0.221 | ||
3 | 90 (9.8) | ||||||||||
COVID-19 vaccination is a medical experiment | 1 | -- | ---- | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | -- | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
3 | 257 (28.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 79 (30.7) | 176 (68.5) | 2 (0.8) | <0.001 | 0.374 | ||
SARS-CoV-2 is not dangerous | 1 | -- | --- | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | -- | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
3 | 158 (17.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) | 50 (31.7) | 104 (65.8) | 3 (1.9) | <0.001 | 0.253 | ||
Symptoms that may occur in the future | 1 | -- | ---- | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | -- | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
3 | 581 (63.4) | 49 (8.4) | 27 (4.7) | 6 (1.0) | 203 (35.0) | 267 (46.0) | 29 (5.0) | <0.001 | 0.257 |
Variable | Phase | Willingness to Vaccinate (N(%)) | p | Cramér’s V | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, as Soon as Possible | Yes, in a Few Months | Yes, in over a Year | No, I Will Consider It in the Future | No, Never | I Am Not Able to Make a Decision | ||||
Chronic conditions | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 192 (50.4) | 19 (5.0) | 8 (2.1) | 60 (15.8) | 77 (20.2) | 25 (6.6) | 0.141 | 0.085 | |
3 | 63 (21.6) | 24 (8.2) | 4 (1.4) | 78 (26.7) | 107 (36.6) | 16 (5.5) | <0.001 | 0.184 | |
Cardiovascular diseases | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 38 (51.4) | 3 (4.1) | 2 (2.7) | 14 (18.9) | 14 (18.9) | 3 (4.1) | 0.741 | 0.049 | |
3 | 11 (16.7) | 3 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 21 (31.8) | 24 (36.4) | 7 (10.6) | 0.139 | 0.095 | |
Respiratory diseases | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 34 (53.1) | 2 (3.1) | 1 (1.6) | 11 (17.2) | 11 (17.2) | 5 (7.8) | 0.710 | 0.051 | |
3 | 4 (8.5) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.1) | 10 (21.3) | 26 (55.3) | 4 (8.5) | 0.304 | 0.081 | |
Neurological diseases | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 10 (55.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.1) | 5 (27.8) | 1 (5.6) | 0.745 | 0.049 | |
3 | 7 (38.9) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (27.8) | 5 (27.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.086 | 0.103 | |
Oncological diseases | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 9 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.047 | 0.099 | |
3 | 4 (36.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (27.3) | 4 (36.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.416 | 0.074 | |
Mental disorders | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 37 (46.3) | 6 (7.5) | 1 (1.3) | 11 (13.8) | 21 (26.3) | 4 (5.0) | 0.750 | 0.049 | |
3 | 16 (32.0) | 6 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (20.0) | 12 (24.0) | 6 (12.0) | <0.001 | 0.180 | |
Skin diseases | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 21 (44.7) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.1) | 6 (12.8) | 12 (25.5) | 5 (10.6) | 0.798 | 0.046 | |
3 | 8 (22.9) | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (20.0) | 16 (45.7) | 3 (8.6) | 0.430 | 0.073 | |
Endocrine disorders | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 82 (48.5) | 11 (6.5) | 5 (3.0) | 32 (18.9) | 29 (17.2) | 10 (5.9) | 0.476 | 0.063 | |
3 | 30 (22.9) | 14 (10.7) | 4 (3.1) | 33 (25.2) | 45 (34.4) | 5 (3.8) | <0.001 | 0.174 | |
Other diseases | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 35 (43.8) | 4 (5.0) | 3 (3.8) | 12 (15.0) | 19 (23.8) | 7 (8.8) | 0.748 | 0.049 | |
3 | 15 (20.0) | 4 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (26.7) | 29 (38.7) | 7 (9.3) | 0.172 | 0.092 |
Variable | Phase | Percentage of Participants Using a Particular Source of Knowledge [N(%)] | Willingness to Vaccinate (N(%)) | p | Cramér’s V | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | Yes, as Soon as Possible | Yes, in a Few Months | Yes, in over a Year | No, I Will Consider It in the Future | No, Never | I Am Not Able to Make a Decision | |||||
Internet | 1 | — | 0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 915 (80.5) | 423 (46.2) | 56 (6.1) | 20 (2.2) | 163 (17.8) | 190 (20.8) | 63 (6.9) | 0.052 | 0.098 | ||
3 | 675 (73.7) | 107 (15.9) | 37 (5.5) | 8 (1.2) | 216 (32.0) | 270 (40.0) | 37 (5.5) | <0.001 | 0.186 | ||
Television | 1 | — | <0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 340 (29.9) | 139 (40.9) | 20 (5.9) | 9 (2.7) | 66 (19.4) | 77 (22.7) | 29 (8.5) | 0.375 | 0.069 | ||
3 | 186 (20.3) | 20 (10.8) | 18 (9.7) | 3 (1.6) | 62 (33.3) | 65 (35.0) | 18 (9.7) | <0.001 | 0.190 | ||
Doctor | 1 | — | 0.063 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 387 (34.0) | 192 (49.6) | 22 (5.7) | 5 (1.3) | 69 (17.8) | 73 (18.9) | 26 (6.7) | 0.164 | 0.083 | ||
3 | 358 (39.1) | 60 (16.8) | 20 (5.6) | 4 (1.1) | 90 (25.1) | 167 (46.7) | 17 (4.8) | 0.305 | 0.081 | ||
Health professional | 1 | — | 0.064 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 421 (37.0) | 188 (44.7) | 25 (5.9) | 6 (1.4) | 92 (21.9) | 85 (20.2) | 25 (5.9) | 0.195 | 0.081 | ||
3 | 294 (32.1) | 44 (15.0) | 13 (4.4) | 5 (1.7) | 82 (27.9) | 137 (46.6) | 13 (4.4) | 0.671 | 0.060 | ||
Information leaflets | 1 | — | 0.932 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 184 (16.2) | 72 (39.1) | 10 (5.4) | 2 (1.1) | 41 (22.3) | 48 (26.1) | 11 (6.0) | 0.328 | 0.071 | ||
3 | 154 (16.8) | 23 (14.9) | 5 (3.3) | 2 (1.3) | 43 (27.9) | 70 (45.5) | 11 (7.1) | 0.456 | 0.071 | ||
Friends | 1 | — | 0.013 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 258 (22.7) | 86 (33.3) | 11 (4.3) | 9 (3.5) | 56 (21.7) | 76 (29.5) | 20 (7.8) | <0.001 | 0.149 | ||
3 | 160 (17.5) | 22 (13.8) | 5 (3.1) | 2 (1.3) | 59 (36.9) | 64 (40.0) | 8 (5.0) | 0.225 | 0.087 | ||
Other | 1 | — | <0.001 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2 | 241 (21.2) | 440 (49.2) | 56 (6.3) | 18 (2.0) | 163 (18.2) | 157 (17.5) | 61 (6.8) | <0.001 | 0.237 | ||
3 | 132 (14.4) | 122 (15.6) | 45 (5.7) | 7 (0.9) | 236 (30.1) | 337 (43.0) | 37 (4.7) | 0.013 | 0.126 | ||
Scientific sources | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
3 | 597 (65.2) | 62 (10.4) | 21 (3.5) | 6 (1.0) | 179 (30.0) | 309 (51.8) | 20 (3.4) | <0.001 | 0.237 |
Variable | Phase | Willingness to Vaccinate (N(%)) | p | Cramér’s V | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes, as Soon as Possible | Yes, in a Few Months | Yes, in over a Year | No, I Will Consider It in the Future | No, Never | I Am Not Able to Make a Decision | |||||
Sex | Male | 1 | 32 (28.1) | 11 (9.7) | 4 (3.5) | 27 (23.7) | 36 (31.6) | 4 (3.5) | 0.019 | 0.171 |
2 | 92 (41.4) | 13 (5.68) | 2 (0.9) | 37 (16.7) | 69 (31.1) | 9 (4.1) | 0.010 | 0.115 | ||
3 | 21 (5.8) | 7 (1.9) | 5 (1.4) | 131 (36.4) | 191 (53.1) | 5 (1.4) | <0.001 | 0.286 | ||
Female | 1 | 139 (39.8) | 41 (11.8) | 8 (2.3) | 54 (15.5) | 77 (22.1) | 30 (8.6) | 0.019 | 0.171 | |
2 | 417 (45.6) | 53 (5.8) | 20 (2.2) | 172 (18.8) | 185 (20.2) | 68 (7.4) | 0.010 | 0.115 | ||
3 | 113 (20.3) | 41 (7.4) | 4 (0.7) | 138 (24.8) | 224 (40.3) | 36 (6.5) | <0.001 | 0.286 | ||
Age | 18–29 | 1 | 48 (26.2) | 21 (11.5) | 7 (3.8) | 43 (23.5) | 50 (27.3) | 14 (7.7) | 0.007 | 0.151 |
2 | 251 (40.1) | 36 (5.8) | 13 (2.1) | 138 (22.0) | 139 (22.2) | 49 (7.8) | 0.050 | 0.086 | ||
3 | 62 (22.2) | 23 (8.2) | 4 (1.4) | 89 (31.9) | 83 (29.8) | 18 (6.5) | <0.001 | 0.168 | ||
30–39 | 1 | 55 (42.0) | 12 (9.2) | 4 (3.1) | 17 (13.0) | 34 (26.0) | 9 (6.9) | 0.007 | 0.151 | |
2 | 154 (48.9) | 23 (7.3) | 6 (1.9) | 44 (14.0) | 70 (22.2) | 18 (5.7) | 0.050 | 0.086 | ||
3 | 51 (15.3) | 20 (6.0) | 4 (1.2) | 82 (24.6) | 158 (47.5) | 18 (5.4) | <0.001 | 0.168 | ||
40–59 | 1 | 52 (41.0) | 18 (14.2) | 1 (0.8) | 20 (15.8) | 27 (21.3) | 9 (7.1) | 0.007 | 0.151 | |
2 | 79 (51.6) | 6 (3.9) | 3 (2.0) | 23 (15.0) | 35 (22.9) | 10 (23.3) | 0.050 | 0.086 | ||
3 | 16 (6.0) | 5 (1.9) | 1 (0.4) | 89 (33.1) | 154 (57.3) | 4 (1.5) | <0.001 | 0.168 | ||
>59 | 1 | 16 (72.7) | 1 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.6) | 2 (9.1) | 2 (9.1) | 0.007 | 0.151 | |
2 | 25 (58.1) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (9.3) | 10 (23.3) | 3 (7.0) | 0.050 | 0.086 | ||
3 | 5 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (25.7) | 20 (57.1) | 1 (2.9) | <0.001 | 0.168 | ||
Place of residence | City > 250 k population | 1 | 81 (45.8) | 24 (13.6) | 5 (2.8) | 28 (15.8) | 26 (14.7) | 13 (7.3) | 0.019 | 0.143 |
2 | 254 (53.9) | 23 (4.9) | 10 (2.1) | 80 (17.0) | 83 (17.6) | 21 (4.5) | 0.001 | 0.106 | ||
3 | 53 (13.7) | 24 (6.2) | 4 (1.0) | 113 (29.2) | 182 (47.0) | 11 (2.8) | 0.558 | 0.070 | ||
City/town of 50 k–250 k population | 1 | 81 (45.8) | 24 (13.5) | 5 (2.8) | 28 (15.8) | 26 (14.7) | 13 (7.3) | 0.019 | 0.143 | |
2 | 84 (39.3) | 11 (5.1) | 6 (2.8) | 41 (19.2) | 58 (27.1) | 14 (6.5) | 0.001 | 0.106 | ||
3 | 32 (16.3) | 4 (2.0) | 2 (1.0) | 56 (28.6) | 92 (46.9) | 10 (5.1) | 0.558 | 0.070 | ||
Town of up to 50 k population | 1 | 27 (31.0) | 10 (11.5) | 1 (1.2) | 18 (20.7) | 24 (27.6) | 7 (8.1) | 0.019 | 0.143 | |
2 | 73 (40.1) | 13 (7.1) | 3 (1.7) | 18 (9.9) | 39 (21.4) | 18 (9.9) | 0.001 | 0.106 | ||
3 | 20 (13.2) | 9 (5.9) | 1 (0.7) | 42 (27.6) | 69 (45.4) | 11 (7.2) | 0.558 | 0.070 | ||
Rural area | 1 | 26 (27.1) | 5 (5.2) | 4 (4.2) | 17 (17.7) | 36 (37.5) | 8 (8.3) | 0.019 | 0.143 | |
2 | 98 (36.3) | 19 (7.0) | 3 (1.1) | 52 (19.3) | 74 (27.4) | 24 (8.9) | 0.001 | 0.106 | ||
3 | 29 (16.0) | 11 (6.1) | 2 (1.1) | 58 (32.0) | 72 (39.8) | 9 (5.0) | 0.558 | 0.070 | ||
Level of education | Higher (university degree) | 1 | 137 (45.2) | 36 (11.9) | 9 (3.0) | 50 (16.5) | 53 (17.5) | 18 (5.9) | <0.001 | 0.187 |
2 | 319 (46.4) | 46 (6.7) | 14 (2.0) | 132 (19.2) | 130 (18.9) | 46 (6.7) | 0.005 | 0.093 | ||
3 | 89 (13.7) | 31 (4.8) | 8 (1.2) | 197 (30.4) | 292 (45.1) | 31 (4.8) | 0.038 | 0.094 | ||
Secondary | 1 | 30 (22.1) | 15 (11.0) | 3 (2.2) | 28 (20.6) | 45 (33.1) | 15 (11.0) | <0.001 | 0.187 | |
2 | 171 (43.1) | 16 (4.0) | 7 (1.8) | 73 (18.4) | 103 (25.9) | 27 (6.8) | 0.005 | 0.093 | ||
3 | 37 (16.4) | 16 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 64 (28.3) | 100 (44.3) | 9 (4.0) | 0.038 | 0.094 | ||
Vocational | 1 | 3 (16.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (16.7) | 12 (66.7) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 0.187 | |
2 | 10 (28.6) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (2.9) | 3 (8.6) | 16 (45.7) | 4 (11.4) | 0.005 | 0.093 | ||
3 | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (21.7) | 15 (65.2) | 1 (4.4) | 0.038 | 0.094 | ||
Lower secondary | 1 | 1 (20.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 0.187 | |
2 | 5 (62.5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (37.5) | 0 | 0.005 | 0.093 | ||
3 | 2 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (10.0) | 7 (70.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.038 | 0.094 | ||
Primary | 1 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | <0.001 | 0.187 | |
2 | 4 (40.0) | 3 (30.0) | 0 | 1 (10.0) | 2 (20.0) | 0 | 0.005 | 0.093 | ||
3 | 4 (44.4) | 1 (11.1) | 1 (11.1) | 2 (22.2) | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.038 | 0.094 | ||
Marital status | Married | 1 | 98 (46.2) | 21 (9.9) | 3 (1.4) | 28 (13.2) | 51 (24.1) | 11 (5.2) | 0.012 | 0.157 |
2 | 229 (49.7) | 30 (6.5) | 10 (2.2) | 77 (16.7) | 89 (19.3) | 26 (5.6) | 0.098 | 0.084 | ||
3 | 75 (14.0) | 32 (6.0) | 4 (0.7) | 151 (28.1) | 255 (47.5) | 20 (3.7) | 0.247 | 0.083 | ||
Domestic partnership/informal relationship | 1 | 42 (28.6) | 17 (11.6) | 6 (4.1) | 34 (23.1) | 38 (25.9) | 10 (6.8) | 0.012 | 0.157 | |
2 | 148 (38.1) | 19 (4.9) | 8 (2.1) | 80 (20.6) | 102 (26.3) | 31 (8.0) | 0.098 | 0.084 | ||
3 | 31 (15.1) | 8 (3.9) | 2 (1.0) | 57 (27.7) | 93 (45.2) | 15 (7.3) | 0.247 | 0.083 | ||
Single | 1 | 31 (29.8) | 14 (13.5) | 3 (2.9) | 19 (18.3) | 24 (23.1) | 13 (12.5) | 0.012 | 0.157 | |
2 | 132 (45.8) | 17 (5.9) | 4 (1.4) | 80 (20.6) | 102 (26.3) | 20 (6.9) | 0.098 | 0.084 | ||
3 | 28 (16.2) | 8 (4.6) | 3 (1.7) | 61 (35.3) | 67 (38.7) | 6 (3.5) | 0.247 | 0.083 | ||
Health professional | Yes | 1 | 64 (59.3) | 12 (11.1) | 2 (1.9) | 13 (12.0) | 9 (8.3) | 8 (7.4) | <0.001 | 0.281 |
2 | 26 (31.7) | 6 (7.3) | 2 (2.4) | 25 (30.5) | 16 (19.5) | 7 (8.5) | 0.041 | 0.101 | ||
3 | 8 (9.2) | 3 (3.5) | 1 (1.2) | 20 (23.0) | 53 (60.9) | 2 (2.3) | 0.068 | 0.105 | ||
No | 1 | 107 (30.1) | 40 (11.3) | 10 (2.8) | 68 (19.2) | 104 (29.3) | 26 (7.3) | <0.001 | 0.281 | |
2 | 483 (45.8) | 60 (6.7) | 20 (1.9) | 184 (17.4) | 238 (22.6) | 70 (6.6) | 0.041 | 0.101 | ||
3 | 126 (15.2) | 45 (5.4) | 8 (1.0) | 249 (30.0) | 362 (43.7) | 39 (4.7) | 0.068 | 0.105 | ||
Has COVID-19 been diagnosed? | No | 1 | 147 (37.8) | 41 (10.5) | 11 (2.8) | 66 (17.0) | 96 (24.7) | 28 (7.2) | 0.756 | 0.085 |
2 | 423 (45.1) | 53 (5.7) | 20 (2.1) | 159 (17.0) | 218 (23.2) | 65 (6.3) | 0.085 | 0.085 | ||
3 | 97 (14.2) | 30 (4.4) | 8 (1.2) | 200 (29.2) | 319 (46.6) | 31 (4.5) | 0.571 | 0.069 | ||
Yes, in the past | 1 | 22 (31.9) | 11 (15.9) | 1 (1.5) | 15 (21.7) | 15 (21.7) | 5 (7.3) | 0.756 | 0.085 | |
2 | 73 (40.8) | 11 (6.2) | 2 (1.1) | 48 (26.8) | 33 (18.4) | 12 (6.7) | 0.085 | 0.085 | ||
3 | 37 (16.1) | 18 (7.8) | 1 (0.4) | 68 (29.6) | 96 (41.7) | 10 (4.4) | 0.571 | 0.069 | ||
Yes, currently | 1 | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (40.0) | 1 (20.0) | 0.756 | 0.085 | |
2 | 13 (65.0) | 2 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.0) | 3 (15.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.085 | 0.085 | ||
3 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.571 | 0.069 | ||
Previous vaccinations | None | 1 | 1 (4.2) | 2 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (12.5) | 16 (66.7) | 2 (8.3) | <0.001 | 0.358 |
2 | 13 (23.2) | 3 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (10.7) | 33 (58.9) | 1 (1.8) | <0.001 | 0.255 | ||
3 | 4 (6.6) | 1 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (11.5) | 49 (80.3) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 0.157 | ||
Only mandatory | 1 | 58 (23.1) | 21 (8.4) | 6 (2.4) | 59 (23.5) | 86 (34.3) | 21 (8.4) | <0.001 | 0.358 | |
2 | 250 (35.7) | 38 (5.4) | 12 (1.7) | 155 (22.1) | 190 (27.1) | 55 (7.9) | <0.001 | 0.255 | ||
3 | 79 (12.9) | 35 (5.7) | 6 (1.0) | 185 (30.1) | 280 (45.6) | 29 (4.7) | <0.001 | 0.157 | ||
Mandatory and recommended | 1 | 112 (59.6) | 29 (15.4) | 6 (3.2) | 19 (10.1) | 11 (5.9) | 11 (5.9) | <0.001 | 0.358 | |
2 | 246 (64.6) | 25 (6.6) | 10 (2.6) | 48 (12.6) | 31 (8.1) | 21 (5.5) | <0.001 | 0.255 | ||
3 | 51 (21.2) | 12 (5.0) | 3 (1.2) | 77 (32.0) | 86 (35.7) | 12 (5.0) | <0.001 | 0.157 |
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Babicki, M.; Malchrzak, W.; Mastalerz-Migas, A. Assessment of Attitudes, Main Concerns and Sources of Knowledge Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination in Poland in the Unvaccinated Individuals—A Nationwide Survey. Vaccines 2022, 10, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030381
Babicki M, Malchrzak W, Mastalerz-Migas A. Assessment of Attitudes, Main Concerns and Sources of Knowledge Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination in Poland in the Unvaccinated Individuals—A Nationwide Survey. Vaccines. 2022; 10(3):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030381
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabicki, Mateusz, Wojciech Malchrzak, and Agnieszka Mastalerz-Migas. 2022. "Assessment of Attitudes, Main Concerns and Sources of Knowledge Regarding COVID-19 Vaccination in Poland in the Unvaccinated Individuals—A Nationwide Survey" Vaccines 10, no. 3: 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030381