Flu Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Non-Vaccination in Military Health Corps Personnel 2016–2017 and 2019–2021
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- On overseas deployments:
- ○
- units whose deployment in ZO, located in the northern hemisphere, is planned from the beginning of the vaccination campaign until the end of March. In the case of
- ○
- deployments to the tropics, vaccination is recommended at any time of the year.
- ○
- personnel already deployed in ZO when the vaccination campaign starts.
- ○
- alerted personnel, whose availability to deploy to ZO is less than 15 days.
- health personnel.
- personnel assigned or on secondment to the Military Emergency Unit (UME).
- personnel of the Military Educational Centers in which there is a boarding regime.
- risk groups defined by the health authorities
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study
2.2. Population and Sample
2.3. Eligibility Criteria
2.4. Variables under Study
2.5. Data Collection Procedure
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Ethical Aspects
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. Gripe (Estacional). 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/influenza-(seasonal) (accessed on 1 September 2021).
- Centro Nacional de Epidemiología. Informe de Vigilancia de la Gripe en España Temporada 2019–2020 (Desde la Semana 40/2019 Hasta la Semana 20/2020); Instituto de Salud Carlos III: Madrid, Spain, 2020; Volume 2020, pp. 1–35. [Google Scholar]
- Sistema de Vigilancia de la Gripe en España. Sistemas y Fuentes de Informacion del SVGE 2020–2021; SVGE: Madrid, Spain, 2021; pp. 1–5. [Google Scholar]
- Arghittu, A.; Dettori, M.; Azara, A.; Gentili, D.; Serra, A.; Contu, B.; Castiglia, P. Flu Vaccination Attitudes, Behaviours, and Knowledge among Health Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 3185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fiore, A.E.; Shay, D.K.; Broder, K.; Islander, J.K.; Uyeki, T.M.; Mootrey, G.; Bresee, J.S.; Cox, N.J. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recomendations of the Advisory Commiettee on Inmunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR. Recomm. Rep. 2009, 31, 1–52. [Google Scholar]
- Camargo Ángeles, R.; Villanueva Ruiz, C.O.; García Román, V.; Mendoza García, J.L.; Conesa Peñuela, F.J.; Tenza Iglesias, I.; Shmizu, P.G.; Jose, S.-P. Evaluación de una novedosa campaña de vacunación de la gripe en personal sanitario en la temporada 2011–2012. Arch. Prev. Riesgos Labor. 2014, 17, 26–30. [Google Scholar] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Garcell, H.G.; Ramirez, E.C. Influenza immunization coverage for healthcare workers in a community hospital in Qatar (2011–2012 and 2012–2013 seasons). J. Infect. Public Health 2014, 7, 70–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Lu, P.J.; O’Halloran, A.C.; Ding, H.; Williams, W.W.; Black, C.L. Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel by Work Setting and Occupation—US, 2014. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2016, 51, 1015–1026. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Sullivan, S.G.; Carlson, S.; Cheng, A.C.; Chilver, M.B.; E Dwyer, D.; Irwin, M.; Kok, J.; Macartney, K.; MacLachlan, J.; Minney-Smith, C.; et al. Where has all the influenza gone? The impact of COVID-19 on the circulation of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Australia, March to September 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020, 25, 2001847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Groves, H.E.; Piché-Renaud, P.-P.; Peci, A.; Farrar, D.S.; Buckrell, S.; Bancej, C.; Sevenhuysen, C.; Campigotto, A.; Gubbay, J.B.; Morris, S.K. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, and other seasonal respiratory virus circulation in Canada: A population-based study. Lancet Reg. Health-Am. 2021, 1, 100015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Riccio, M.; Lina, B.; Caini, S.; Staadegaard, L.; Wiegersma, S.; Kynčl, J.; Combadière, B.; MacIntyre, C.R.; Paget, J. Letter to the editor: Increase of influenza vaccination coverage rates during the COVID-19 pandemic and implications for the upcoming influenza season in northern hemisphere countries and Australia. Eurosurveillance 2021, 26, 2101143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navalón Ramon, E.; Lombardi, A.; Macià-Rosell, E.; Martínez-Ribes, I. Cobertura de vacunación antigripal entre profesionales sanitarios de una zona bási. Vacunas 2016, 17, 41–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lim, Y.C.; Seale, H. Examining the views of key stakeholders regarding the provision of occupational influenza vaccination for healthcare workers in Australia. Vaccine 2014, 32, 606–610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Llupià, A.; García-Basteiro, A.L.; Olivé, V.; Costas, L.; Ríos, J.; Quesada, S.; Varela, P.; Bayas, J.M.; Trilla, A. New interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates in health care workers. Am. J. Infect. Control 2010, 38, 476–481. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social. Recomendaciones Campaña Vacunación Antigripal 2016–2017 en las Fuerzas Armadas; Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social: Madrid, Spain, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Paño-Pardo, J.R.; Martín-Quiros, A.; Romero-Gómez, M.; Maldonado, J.; Martín-Vega, A.; Rico-Nieto, A.; Rillo, M.M.; Grill, F.; Rodriguez, G.J.; Arribas, J.R.; et al. Perspectives from Spanish infectious diseases professionals on 2009 A (H1N1) influenza: The third half. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2011, 17, 845–850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Ministerio de Sanidad. Coberturas de Vacunación en España. Datos Estadísticos; Ministerio de Sanidad: Madrid, Spain, 2016.
- Expertos. Panel de Expertos. ¿Qué Falla en la Vacunación del Personal Sanitario? Expertos: Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Ministerio de Defensa; Inspección General de Sanidad. Recomendaciones Campaña Vacunación Antigripal 2020–2021 en las Fuerzas Armadas; Ministerio de Defensa: Madrid, Spain, 2020.
- Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud. Recomendaciones de Vacunación Frente a la Gripe Temporada 2020–2021; Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud: Madrid, Spain, 2020; pp. 1–25.
- Ajejas Bazán, M.; Ballester Orcal, L.; Fuentes Mora, C. Factores determinantes de la no vacunación de gripe en el cuerpo militar de sanidad (2016–2017). Sanid Mil. 2018, 74, 2016–2017. [Google Scholar]
- Miller, B.L.; Ahmed, F.; Lindley, M.C.; Wortley, P.M. Increases in vaccination coverage of healthcare personnel following institutional requirements for influenza vaccination: A national survey of U.S. hospitals. Vaccine 2011, 29, 9398–9403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torner, N.; Godoy, P.; Soldevila, N.; Toledo, D.; Rius, C.; Domínguez, A. Estudio actitudes sobre vacunación antigripal en profesionales sanitarios de atención primaria de Cataluña. Atención Primaria. 2016, 48, 192–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Ministerio de Sanidad. Nota Informativa en Relación a a la Vacuna Frente a Gripe y COVID-19. 3 de Junio 2020; Ministerio de Sanidad: Madrid, Spain, 2020.
- Rachiotis, G.; Papagiannis, D.; Malli, F.; Papathanasiou, I.V.; Kotsiou, O.; Fradelos, E.C.; Daniil, Z.; Gourgoulianis, K.I. Determinants of Influenza Vaccination Coverage among Greek Health Care Workers amid COVID-19 Pandemic. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2021, 13, 757–762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Delaney, L.M.; Williams, V.R.; Tomiczek, N.; Robinson, L.; Kiss, A.; Leis, J.A. Impact of mandatory online learning module for healthcare workers intending to decline influenza immunization: Implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Antimicrob. Steward. Health Epidemiol. 2021, 1, 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bachtiger, P.; Adamson, A.; Chow, J.; Sisodia, R.; Quint, J.K.; Peters, N.S. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Uptake of Influenza Vaccine: UK-Wide Observational Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2021, 7, e26734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Europea DO de la U. L 348/71. Recomendación del Consejo de 22 de Diciembre de 2009 Sobre la Vacunación Contra la Gripe Estacional. (Texto Pertinente a Efectos del EEE) (2009/1019/UE); European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Asia, I.; Arabia, S. Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018 southern hemisphere influenza season. Relev. Epidemiol. Hebd. 2017, 92, 625–633. [Google Scholar]
- Alkathlan, M.; Khalil, R.; Alhemaidani, M.F.; Alaed, G.H.; Almutairi, S.M.; AAlmalki, H.; Alghofaili, R.H.; Al-Wutayd, O. Trends, Uptake, and Predictors of Influenza Vaccination Among Healthcare Practitioners During the COVID-19 Pandemic Flu Season (2020) and the Following Season (2021) in Saudi Arabia. J. Multidiscip. Health 2021, 14, 2527–2536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibuka, Y.; Chapman, G.B.; Meyers, L.A.; Li, M.; Galvani, A.P. The dynamics of risk perceptions and precautionary behavior in response to 2009 (H1N1) pandemic influenza. BMC Infect. Dis. 2010, 10, 296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed][Green Version]
- Caserotti, M.; Girardi, P.; Rubaltelli, E.; Tasso, A.; Lotto, L. Since January 2020 Elsevier Has Created a COVID-19 Resource Centre with Free Information in English and Mandarin on the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Bertoni, L.; Roncadori, A.; Gentili, N.; Danesi, V.; Massa, I.; Nanni, O.; Altini, M.; Gabutti, G.; Montella, M.T. How has COVID-19 pandemic changed flu vaccination attitudes among an Italian cancer center healthcare workers? Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2021, 18, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dettori, M.; Arghittu, A.; Deiana, G.; Azara, A.; Masia, M.D.; Palmieri, A.; Spano, A.L.; Serra, A.; Castiglia, P. Influenza Vaccination Strategies in Healthcare Workers: A Cohort Study (2018–2021) in an Italian University Hospital. Vaccines 2021, 9, 971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ripoll, P.F. Estudio Transversal de Vacunación Antigripal En Profesionales de la Salud en Tres Centros de Atención Primaria; Universitat de Lleida: Lleida, Spain, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Grohskopf, L.A.; Alyanak, E.; Ferdinands, J.M.; Broder, K.R.; Blanton, L.H.; Talbot, H.K.; Fry, A.M. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021–22 Influenza Season. MMWR. Recomm. Rep. 2021, 70, 1–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casalino, E.; Ghazali, D.A.; Bouzid, D.; Antoniol, S.; Pereira, L.; Kenway, P.; Choquet, C.; Emergency Department Study Group on Respiratory Viruses. Patient’s behaviors and missed opportunities for vaccination against seasonal epidemic influenza and evaluation of their impact on patient’s influenza vaccine uptake. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0193029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Martínez Baz, I.; Díaz González, J.; Guevara, M.; Toledo, D.; Zabala, A.; Domínguez, A.; Castilla, J. Actitudes, Percepciones y Factores Asociados a La Vacunación Antigripal en los Profesionales de Atención Primaria de Navarra, 2011–2012; Gobierno de Navarra, Departamento de Salud: Navarra, Spain, 2013; Volume 36.
- Galicia García, M.D.; González Torga, A.; García González, C.; Fuster Pérez, M.; Garrigós Gordo, I.; López Fresneña, N.; Garcia-Rodriguez, R.M.; Sanchez, P.J. Vacunación de gripe en trabajadores sanitarios. Por qué se vacunan y por qué no se vacunan. Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. 2006, 24, 413–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanchez Paya, J.; Hernandez Garcia, I.; Garcia Roman, V.; Camargo Angeles, R.; Barrenengoa Sanudo, J.; Villanueva Ruiz, C.O.; Martinez, H.R.; González-Hernández, M. Influenza vaccination among healthcare personnel after pandemic influenza H1N1. Vaccine 2012, 30, 911–915. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ingles Torruella, J.; Gil Soto, R.; Carreras Valls, R.; Valverde Lozano, J.; Benito Carreras, D.; Cunillera, B.A. Reacciones adversas de la vacuna de la gripe estacional y la vacuna de la gripe AH1N1 en personal sanitario. Arch. Prev. Riesgos Labor. 2013, 16, 11–16. [Google Scholar]
- Velasco Muñoz, C.; Guillermo Sequera, V.; Vilajeliu, A.; Aldea, M.; Mena, G.; Quesada, S.; Varela, P.; Olivé, V.; Bayas, J.M.; Trilla, A. Sistema de autodeclaración de acontecimientos adversos y cobertura de vacunación antigripal en profesionales sanitarios en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel. Med. Clin. 2016, 146, 155–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Escuela Nacional de Sanidad. Sesgos y Factores de Confusión. Método Epidemiológico; Escuela Nacional de Sanidad: Madrid, Spain, 2009; pp. 47–73. [Google Scholar]
- Pérez Ciordia, I.; Guillén Grima, F.; Aguinaga, I.; Brugos, A. Cobertura vacunal y factores que motivan la actitud de vacunación antigripal en colectivos sociales (bomberos, docentes, policía y residencias geriátricas) en Navarra. Vacunas 2016, 17, 4–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martinez-Huedo, M.A.; Lopez-De-Andrés, A.; Mora-Zamorano, E.; Hernández-Barrera, V.; Jiménez-Trujillo, I.; Zamorano-Leon, J.J.; Garcia, R.J. Decreasing influenza vaccine coverage among adults with high-risk chronic diseases in Spain from 2014 to 2017. Hum. Vaccines Immunother. 2019, 16, 95–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Vaccinated 2016–2017 n (%) | p-Value | Vaccinated 2019–2020 n (%) | p-Value | Vaccinated 2020–2021 n (%) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 93 (77.5) | p < 0.005 | 281 (66.3) | p < 0.005 | 365 (61.9) | 0.028 |
Female | 27 (22.5) | 143 (33.7) | 225 (38.1) | ||||
Age groups | 22–30 | 7 (9.1) | p < 0.005 | 69 (16.3) | p < 0.005 | 137 (23.2) | 0.002 |
31–40 | 14 (15.0) | 118 (27.8) | 141 (23.9) | ||||
41–50 | 24 (26.4) | 98 (23.1) | 125 (21.2) | ||||
51–60 | 75 (47.7) | 91 (21.5) | 131 (22.2) | ||||
>60 | 2 (1.8) | 48 (11.3) | 56 (9.5) | ||||
Army | Ministry of Defense | 40 (39.8) | p < 0.005 | 202 (47.6) | p < 0.005 | 269 (45.6) | 0.140 |
Army | 24 (24.8) | 120 (28.3) | 200 (33.9) | ||||
Navy | 14 (10.6) | 43 (10.1) | 55 (9.3) | ||||
Air Force | 24 (24.8) | 36 (8.5) | 43 (7.3) | ||||
Military Emergency Unit | 0 (0.0) | 23 (5.4) | 23 (3.9) | ||||
Military grades | Lieutenant | 149 (35.1) | p < 0.005 | 216 (36.6) | 0.022 | ||
Captain | 132 (31.1) | 181 (30.7) | |||||
Commander | 59 (13.9) | 75 (12.7) | |||||
Lieutenant Colonel | 55 (13.0) | 89 (15.1) | |||||
Colonel | 28 (6.6) | 28 (4.7) | |||||
General | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | |||||
Specialty in health | Nurse | 53 (44.1) | p < 0.005 | 215 (51.2) | p < 0.005 | 318 (54.3) | p < 0.005 |
Medicine | 49 (40.8) | 147 (35.0) | 188 (32.1) | ||||
Pharmacy | 8 (6.6) | 15 (3.6) | 18 (3.1) | ||||
Psychology | 9 (7.7) | 32 (7.6) | 38 (6.5) | ||||
Veterinary | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.2) | 9 (1.5) | ||||
Dentistry | 1 (0.8) | 6 (1.4) | 15 (2.6) | ||||
Time worked | ≤10 | 10 (8.4) | p < 0.005 | 165 (38.9) | p < 0.005 | 243 (41.5) | p < 0.005 |
11–20 | 23 (19.2) | 64 (15.1) | 90 (15.4) | ||||
21–30 | 35 (29.1) | 101 (23.8) | 152 (25.9) | ||||
>30 | 52 (43.3) | 94 (22.2) | 101 (17.2) | ||||
Place of work | Units/Centers/Organizations | 96 (80.0) | 0.782 | 320 (75.5) | 0.002 | 470 (79.7) | 0.599 |
Hospital | 24 (20.0) | 104 (24.5) | 120 (20.3) | ||||
Do you live with chronically ill people? | Yes | 20 (66.7) | p < 0.005 | 76 (17.9) | p < 0.005 | 98 (16.6) | 0.181 |
No | 93 (37.8) | 348 (82.1) | 492 (83.4) | ||||
Do you live with pregnant women? | Yes | 9 (7.9) | p < 0.005 | 13 (3.1) | 0.002 | 13 (2.2) | 0.083 |
No | 104 (92.1) | 411 (96.9) | 577 (97.8) | ||||
Do you live with people over 65 years old? | Yes | 19 (16.8) | p < 0.005 | 49 (11.7) | 0.001 | 52 (8.9) | 0.108 |
No | 94 (83.2) | 371 (88.3) | 534 (91.1) |
Vaccinated 2016–2017 OR (CI 95%) | Vaccinated 2019–2020 OR (CI 95%) | Vaccinated 2020–2021 OR (CI 95%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | 2.58 (1.84–3.63) | 1.86 (1.41–2.44) | 1.67 (0.95–2.95) |
Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Age groups | 22–30 | 2.31 (0.76–7.04) | 4.56 (2.54–8.21) | 4.00 (1.31–12.19) |
31–40 | 3.54 (2.05–6.10) | 10.89 (3.70–32.10) | 4.56 (2.54–8.21) | |
41–50 | 3.67 (2.77–4.87) | 10.09 (6.63–15.34) | 3.66 (2.75–4.46) | |
51–60 | 5.62 (3.85–8.21) | 6.65 (4.90–9.02) | 3.51 (1.98–6.03) | |
>60 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Army | Ministry of Defense | 2.58 (0.89–7.44) | 2.08 (1.33–3.20) | |
Army | 2.16 (1.18–3.95) | 1.64 (0.86–3.12) | ||
Navy | 2.02 (1.30–3.13) | 1.58 (0.85–2.94) | ||
Air Force | 1.58 (0.85–2.94) | 1.27 (0.40–4.00) | ||
Military Emergency Unit | 1 | 1 | ||
Military grades | Lieutenant | 1.43 (1.18–1.76) | 1.56 (1.06–1.68) | |
Captain | 1.39 (1.12–1.95) | 1.42 (1.21–1.86)) | ||
Commander | 1.31 (1.16–1.45) | 1.37 (1.17–1.38) | ||
Lieutenant Colonel | 1.30 (1.07–1.55) | 1.29 (1.10–1.49) | ||
Colonel | 1.29 (1.07–1.52) | 1.22 (1.15–1.39) | ||
General | 1 | 1 | ||
Specialty in health | Nurse | 3.65 (2.76–4.85) | 3.72 (2.69–4.92) | 3.95 (2.15–5.15) |
Medicine | 3.56 (2.06–6.10)) | 3.68 (2.13–5.58) | 3.75 (2.14–6.20)) | |
Pharmacy | 2.25 (1.02–4.95) | 2.32 (1.15–5.05) | 2.47 (1.02–4.95) | |
Psychology | 2.17 (1.19–3.94) | 2.26 (1.08–4.14) | 2.39 (1.32–4.04) | |
Dentistry | 2.02 (1.30–3.14) | 2.13(1.12–3.26) | 2.19 (1.67–4.04) | |
Veterinary | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Time worked | ≤10 | 1.43 (1.18–1.82) | 1.52 (1.06–1.92) | |
11–20 | 1.39 (1.09–1.88) | 1.48 (1.16–1.65) | ||
21–30 | 1.31 (1.14–1.44) | 1.33 (1.22–1.34) | ||
>30 | 1 | 1 |
Sex | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | p-Value | |||||
n (%) | CI 95% | n (%) | CI 95% | n (%) | CI 95% | |||
Non-vaccination factors | No risk group | 51 (23.0) | (17.5–28.5) | 23 (45.1) | (38.6–51.6) | 28 (54.9) | (48.4–61.4) | p < 0.005 |
Possibility of occurrence of AMR | 21 (9.5) | (5.6–13.4) | 4 (19.0) | (13.8–24.2) | 17 (81.0) | (75.8–86.2) | ||
Inconvenient schedule, overload, forgetfulness | 20 (9.0) | (5.2–12.8) | 13 (65.0) | (58.7–71.3) | 7 (35.0) | (28.7–41.3) | ||
Doubtful effectiveness | 25 (11.3) | (7.1–15.5) | 21 (84.0) | (79.2–88.8) | 4 (16.0) | (11.2–20.8) | ||
Low probability of getting sick | 30 (13.5) | (9.0–18.0) | 24 (80.0) | (74.7–85.3) | 6 (20.0) | (14.7–25.3) | ||
No knowledge of campaign | 23 (10.3) | (6.3–14.3) | 9 (39.1) | (32.7–45.5) | 14 (60.9) | (54.5–67.3) | ||
Avoid vaccine administration | 5 (2.2) | (0.3–4.1) | 5 (100.0) | (100.0–100.0) | 0 (0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | ||
Reliance on alternative medicines | 9 (4.1) | (1.5–6.7) | 5 (55.6) | (49.1–62.1) | 4 (44.4) | (37.9–50.9) | ||
Other factors | 38 (17.1) | (12.1–22.1) | 17 (44.7) | (38.2–51.2) | 21 (55.3) | (48.8–61.8) | ||
Total | 222 (100.0) | (100.0–100.0) | 121 (54.5) | (47.9–61.1) | 101 (45.5) | (38.1–52.9) |
Sex | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total n (%) | CI 95% | Male n (%) | CI 95% | Female n (%) | CI 95% | p-Value | ||
Types of adverse reactions | Induration | 12 (15.0) | (7.2–22.8) | 8 (66.7) | (56.4–77.0) | 4 (33.3) | (23.0–43.6) | p < 0.005 |
Erythema | 9 (11.3) | (4.4–18.2) | 9 (100.0) | (100.0–100.0) | 0 (0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | ||
Myalgia_arthralgia | 4 (5.0) | (0.2–9.8) | 4 (100.0) | (100.0–100.0) | 0 (0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | ||
Inflammatión | 18 (22.5) | (13.3–31.7) | 13 (72.2) | (62.4–82.0) | 5 (27.8) | (18.0–37.6) | ||
Pain | 19 (23.8) | (14.1–33.5) | 10 (52.6) | (41.7–63.5) | 9 (47.4) | (36.5–58.3) | ||
Fever | 9 (11.2) | (4.3–18.1) | 5 (55.6) | (44.7–66.5) | 4 (44.4) | (33.5–55.3) | ||
Other | 9 (11.2) | (4.3–18.1) | 0 (0.0) | (0.0–0.0) | 9 (100) | (100.0–100.0) | ||
Total (n = 832) | 80 (100.0) | (100.0–100.0) | 49 (61.2) | (50.5–71.9) | 31 (38.8) | (28.1–49.5) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ajejas Bazán, M.J.; Pérez-Rivas, F.J.; Wärnberg, J.; Fuentes Mora, C.; Ballester Orcal, L.E.; Gómez Crespo, J.M.; López-López, C.; Domínguez-Fernández, S.; Rico-Blázquez, M.; Pérez-Farinós, N. Flu Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Non-Vaccination in Military Health Corps Personnel 2016–2017 and 2019–2021. Vaccines 2022, 10, 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030460
Ajejas Bazán MJ, Pérez-Rivas FJ, Wärnberg J, Fuentes Mora C, Ballester Orcal LE, Gómez Crespo JM, López-López C, Domínguez-Fernández S, Rico-Blázquez M, Pérez-Farinós N. Flu Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Non-Vaccination in Military Health Corps Personnel 2016–2017 and 2019–2021. Vaccines. 2022; 10(3):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030460
Chicago/Turabian StyleAjejas Bazán, María Julia, Francisco Javier Pérez-Rivas, Julia Wärnberg, Carlos Fuentes Mora, Lucía Elena Ballester Orcal, Jose Manuel Gómez Crespo, Candelas López-López, Silvia Domínguez-Fernández, Milagros Rico-Blázquez, and Napoleón Pérez-Farinós. 2022. "Flu Vaccination Coverage and Predictors of Non-Vaccination in Military Health Corps Personnel 2016–2017 and 2019–2021" Vaccines 10, no. 3: 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030460