The Influenza Vaccine May Protect Pregnant and Postpartum Women against Severe COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Baseline Characteristics of the Subjects Enrolled
3.3. Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19
3.4. COVID-19 Adverse Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Vaccinated (n = 832) | Unvaccinated (n = 2538) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years); median ± sd $ | 29.81 ± 6.78 | 30.44 ± 7.27 | 0.0234 1 |
Ethnicity, n (%) White Non-white | 0.001 2 | ||
387/773 (50.1) | 997/2308 (43.2) | ||
386/773 (49.9) | 1311/2308 (56.8) | ||
Comorbidities, n (%): | |||
Cardiac | 61/371 (16.4) | 149/1143 (13.0) | 0.1181 2 |
Diabetes mellitus | 59/371 (15.9) | 163/1158 (14.1) | 0.4327 2 |
Hematologic | 6/359 (1.7) | 14/1122 (1.2) | 0.599 3 |
Obesity | 48/366 (13.1) | 130/1145 (11.4) | 0.4141 2 |
Asthma | 45/368 (12.2) | 83/1135 (7.3) | 0.0047 2 |
Hepatic | 1/360 (0.3) | 11/1112 (1.0) | 0.3134 3 |
Neurologic | 10/362 (2.8) | 19/1121 (1.7) | 0.2905 2 |
Other lung diseases | 9/362 (2.5) | 21/1124 (1.9) | 0.6086 2 |
Immunosuppression | 6/360 (1.7) | 37/1120 (3.3) | 0.1532 2 |
Renal | 5/358 (1.4) | 13/1113 (1.2) | 0.7825 3 |
Education, n (%) Up to 9 years From 9 to 12 years Over 12 years | <0.0012 | ||
103/577 (17.9) | 351/1406 (25.0) | ||
335/577 (58.1) | 806/1406 (57.3) | ||
139/577 (24.1) | 249/1406 (17.7) | ||
Residence area, n (%) Urban Periurban Rural | 0.9147 3 | ||
749/790 (94.8) | 2270/2388 (95.1) | ||
2/790 (0.3) | 8/2388 (0.3) | ||
39/790 (4.9) | 110/2388 (4.6) |
Variables | Vaccinated (n = 832) | Unvaccinated (n = 2538) | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Symptoms, n (%) | |||
Fever | 509/744 (66.6) | 1529/2371 (64.5) | 1.10 (0.93–1.31) |
Cough | 593/782 (75.8) | 1808/2402 (75.3) | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) |
Sore Throat | 233/727 (32.0) | 664/2188 (30.3) | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) |
Dyspnea | 418/759 (55.1) | 1477/2358 (62.6) | 0.73 (0.62–0.86) |
Respiratory discomfort | 411/748 (54.9) | 1198/2269 (52.8) | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) |
Desaturation | 243/734 (33.1) | 938/2254 (41.6) | 0.69 (0.58–0.83) |
Diarrhea | 121/716 (16.9) | 329/2130 (15.4) | 1.11 (0.89–1.40) |
Vomit | 109/718 (15.2) | 303/2136 (14.2) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) |
Abdominal pain | 56/440 (12.7) | 187/1597 (11.7) | 1.10 (0.80–1.51) |
Fatigue | 160/450 (35.6) | 516/1633 (31.6) | 1.19 (0.96–1.49) |
Loss of olfactory sense | 145/465 (31.2) | 340/1628 (20.9) | 1.72 (1.36–2.16) |
Loss of taste | 137/461 (29.7) | 329/1631 (20.2) | 1.67 (1.32–2.11) |
Any respiratory symptom | 570/783 (72.8) | 1865/2427 (76.8) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) |
Any symptom | 781/816 (95.7) | 2415/2517 (95.9) | 0.94 (0.64–1.40) |
Variables n(%) | Vaccinated (n = 832) | Unvaccinated (n = 2.538) | OR (95% CI) | Vaccinated (n = 832) PSM | Unvaccinated (n = 832) PSM | OR (95% CI) PSM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICU admission | 160/757 (21.1) | 629/2362 (26.6) | 0.74 (0.61–0.90) | 160/757 (21.1) | 237/782 (30.3) | 0.62 (0.49–0.78) |
Intubation | 68/769 (8.8) | 336/2355 (14.3) | 0.58 (0.44–0.77) | 68/769 (8.8) | 122/786 (15.5) | 0.53 (0.39–0.72) |
Final outcome, Cure Death | 788/832 (94.7) 44/832 (5.3) | 2213/2538 (87.2) 321/2538 (12.8) | 0.38 (0.27–0.53) | 788/832 (94.7) 44/832 (5.3) | 711/832 (85.5) 121/832 (14.5) | 0.33 (0.23–0.47) |
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Paganoti, C.d.F.; Rodrigues, A.S.; Francisco, R.P.V.; Costa, R.A.d. The Influenza Vaccine May Protect Pregnant and Postpartum Women against Severe COVID-19. Vaccines 2022, 10, 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020206
Paganoti CdF, Rodrigues AS, Francisco RPV, Costa RAd. The Influenza Vaccine May Protect Pregnant and Postpartum Women against Severe COVID-19. Vaccines. 2022; 10(2):206. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020206
Chicago/Turabian StylePaganoti, Cristiane de Freitas, Agatha Sacramento Rodrigues, Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco, and Rafaela Alkmin da Costa. 2022. "The Influenza Vaccine May Protect Pregnant and Postpartum Women against Severe COVID-19" Vaccines 10, no. 2: 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020206
APA StylePaganoti, C. d. F., Rodrigues, A. S., Francisco, R. P. V., & Costa, R. A. d. (2022). The Influenza Vaccine May Protect Pregnant and Postpartum Women against Severe COVID-19. Vaccines, 10(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020206