Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines Primer Doses: Experience of Saudi Healthcare Workers Participating in CoVaST-SA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instrument
- i.
- Demographic characteristics (age, gender, height, weight, profession, and geographic region).
- ii.
- Medical anamnesis (chronic diseases, medication, smoking and alcohol consumption).
- iii.
- COVID-19-related medical histories (type of vaccine, number of vaccine doses, dates of vaccine doses, previous infection, and date of diagnosis).
- iv.
- Vaccine side effects (local side effects, systemic side effects, onset, and duration).
2.4. Ethics
2.5. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Medical and COVID-19-Related Anamnesis
3.3. Post-Vaccination Side Effects by Sex, Age, and BMI
3.4. Post-Vaccination Side Effects by Dose and Vaccination Schedule
3.5. Onset and Duration of Post-Vaccination Side Effects
3.6. Post-Vaccination Medications
3.7. Risk Factors of Post-Vaccination Side Effects
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Outcome | Female (n = 729) | Male (n = 310) | Total (n = 1039) | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ≤34 years old | 387 (53.2%) | 133 (42.9%) | 520 (50.1%) | <0.002 |
>34 years old | 341 (46.8%) | 177 (57.1%) | 518 (49.9%) | ||
µ ± SD | 36.25 ± 18.64 | 36.99 ± 8.86 | 36.47 ± 16.34 | 0.017 | |
Profession | M.D. | 309 (42.4%) | 151 (48.7%) | 460 (44.3%) | 0.060 |
D.D.S. | 15 (2.1%) | 9 (2.9%) | 24 (2.3%) | 0.406 | |
R.N. | 200 (27.4%) | 43 (13.9%) | 243 (23.4%) | <0.001 | |
Pharmacist | 18 (2.5%) | 17 (5.5%) | 35 (3.4%) | 0.014 | |
Physiotherapist | 6 (0.8%) | 2 (0.6%) | 8 (0.8%) | 1.000 * | |
Other | 181 (24.8%) | 88 (28.4%) | 269 (25.9%) | 0.231 | |
BMI | Underweight (<18.5) | 32 (4.4%) | 0 (0%) | 32 (3.1%) | <0.001 |
Normal (18.5–24.9) | 342 (47.2%) | 102 (33%) | 444 (42.9%) | <0.001 | |
Overweight (25–29.9) | 237 (32.7%) | 121 (39.2%) | 358 (34.6%) | 0.045 | |
Obese (30–34.9) | 74 (10.2%) | 58 (18.8%) | 132 (12.8%) | <0.001 | |
Extremely Obese (>35) | 40 (5.5%) | 28 (9.1%) | 68 (6.6%) | 0.035 | |
µ ± SD | 25.59 ± 5.75 | 27.78 ± 5.13 | 26.24 ± 5.66 | <0.001 | |
Region | Eastern | 670 (91.9%) | 280 (90.3%) | 950 (91.4%) | 0.404 |
Central | 38 (5.2%) | 23 (7.4%) | 61 (5.9%) | 0.166 | |
Western | 15 (2.1%) | 4 (1.3%) | 19 (1.8%) | 0.461 | |
Northern | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 3 (0.3%) | 1.000 * | |
Southern | 4 (0.5%) | 2 (0.6%) | 6 (0.6%) | 1.000 * |
Variable | Outcome | Sex | Sig. | Age | Sig. | BMI | Sig. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (n = 729) | Male (n = 310) | ≤34 years (n = 520) | >34 years (n = 518) | Non-Obese (n = 834) | Obese (n = 200) | ||||||
Local SE | Injection Site Pain | 589 (80.8%) | 236 (76.1%) | 0.089 | 438 (84.2%) | 386 (74.5%) | <0.001 | 674 (80.8%) | 147 (73.5%) | 0.022 | |
Injection Site Swelling | 151 (20.7%) | 32 (10.3%) | <0.001 | 87 (16.7%) | 96 (18.5%) | 0.446 | 145 (17.4%) | 38 (19%) | 0.591 | ||
Injection Site Redness | 69 (9.5%) | 11 (3.5%) | 0.001 | 35 (6.7%) | 45 (8.7%) | 0.237 | 59 (7.1%) | 21 (10.5%) | 0.103 | ||
Total | 617 (84.6%) | 244 (78.7%) | 0.020 | 455 (87.5%) | 405 (78.2%) | <0.001 | 701 (84.1%) | 156 (78%) | 0.041 | ||
Systemic SE | Fatigue | 261 (35.8%) | 114 (36.8%) | 0.765 | 189 (36.3%) | 185 (35.7%) | 0.832 | 303 (36.3%) | 71 (35.5%) | 0.826 | |
Headache | 201 (27.6%) | 61 (19.7%) | 0.007 | 139 (26.7%) | 123 (23.7%) | 0.268 | 218 (26.1%) | 43 (21.5%) | 0.175 | ||
Myalgia | 191 (26.2%) | 79 (25.5%) | 0.810 | 135 (26%) | 135 (26.1%) | 0.971 | 225 (27%) | 42 (21%) | 0.083 | ||
Arthralgia | 102 (14%) | 38 (12.3%) | 0.454 | 69 (13.3%) | 71 (13.7%) | 0.837 | 118 (14.1%) | 22 (11%) | 0.242 | ||
Fever | 130 (17.8%) | 55 (17.7%) | 0.972 | 98 (18.8%) | 87 (16.8%) | 0.388 | 151 (18.1%) | 32 (16%) | 0.483 | ||
Chills | 83 (11.4%) | 32 (10.3%) | 0.617 | 65 (12.5%) | 50 (9.7%) | 0.144 | 98 (11.8%) | 17 (8.5%) | 0.189 | ||
Nausea | 63 (8.6%) | 11 (3.5%) | 0.003 | 37 (7.1%) | 37 (7.1%) | 0.986 | 62 (7.4%) | 12 (6%) | 0.480 | ||
Diarrhoea | 25 (3.4%) | 7 (2.3%) | 0.317 | 12 (2.3%) | 20 (3.9%) | 0.148 | 25 (3%) | 7 (3.5%) | 0.713 | ||
Dyspnea | 18 (2.5%) | 4 (1.3%) | 0.227 | 10 (1.9%) | 12 (2.3%) | 0.660 | 19 (2.3%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0.784 | ||
Anaphylaxis | 3 (0.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1.000 * | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.373 * | 4 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | ||
Lymphadenopathy | 21 (2.9%) | 3 (1%) | 0.060 | 5 (1%) | 19 (3.7%) | 0.004 | 20 (2.4%) | 4 (2%) | 1.000 * | ||
Oral Paresthesia | 8 (1.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.114 * | 4 (0.8%) | 4 (0.8%) | 1.000 * | 6 (0.7%) | 2 (1%) | 0.656 * | ||
Ageusia | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.499 * | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | ||
Dysgeusia | 7 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.111 * | 3 (0.6%) | 4 (0.8%) | 0.725 * | 6 (0.7%) | 1 (0.5%) | 1.000 * | ||
Halitosis | 3 (0.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1.000 * | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.373 * | 4 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | ||
Oral UBV | 6 (0.8%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.681 * | 3 (0.6%) | 4 (0.8%) | 0.725 * | 4 (0.5%) | 3 (1.5%) | 0.136 * | ||
Bleeding Gingiva | 4 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.324 * | 1 (0.2%) | 3 (0.6%) | 0.373 * | 4 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | ||
Skin Rash | 6 (0.8%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.681 * | 6 (1.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0.124 * | 7 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.357 * | ||
Total | 390 (53.5%) | 153 (49.4%) | 0.221 | 275 (52.9%) | 267 (51.5%) | 0.666 | 441 (52.9%) | 99 (49.5%) | 0.390 | ||
Variable | Outcome | First Dose | Sig. | Second Dose | Sig. | Schedule | Sig. | Total (n = 1039) | |||
mRNA (n = 759) | Vector (n = 280) | mRNA (n = 793) | Vector (n = 132) | Homologous (n = 786) | Heterologous (n = 139) | ||||||
Local SE | Injection Site Pain | 624 (82.2%) | 201 (71.8%) | <0.001 | 646 (81.5%) | 98 (74.2%) | 0.053 | 641 (81.6%) | 103 (74.1%) | 0.041 | 825 (79.4%) |
Injection Site Swelling | 141 (18.6%) | 42 (15%) | 0.179 | 140 (17.7%) | 25 (18.9%) | 0.721 | 148 (18.8%) | 17 (12.2%) | 0.061 | 183 (17.6%) | |
Injection Site Redness | 59 (7.8%) | 21 (7.5%) | 0.883 | 58 (7.3%) | 14 (10.6%) | 0.191 | 63 (8%) | 9 (6.5%) | 0.532 | 80 (7.7%) | |
Total | 650 (85.6%) | 211 (75.4%) | <0.001 | 673 (84.9%) | 105 (79.5%) | 0.121 | 670 (85.2%) | 108 (77.7%) | 0.025 | 861 (82.9%) | |
Systemic SE | Fatigue | 256 (33.7%) | 119 (42.5%) | 0.009 | 285 (35.9%) | 54 (40.9%) | 0.273 | 288 (36.6%) | 51 (36.7%) | 0.991 | 375 (36.1%) |
Headache | 171 (22.5%) | 91 (32.5%) | 0.001 | 193 (24.3%) | 41 (31.1%) | 0.100 | 188 (23.9%) | 46 (33.1%) | 0.022 | 262 (25.2%) | |
Myalgia | 178 (23.5%) | 92 (32.9%) | 0.002 | 203 (25.6%) | 40 (30.3%) | 0.256 | 199 (25.3%) | 44 (31.7%) | 0.118 | 270 (26%) | |
Arthralgia | 86 (11.3%) | 54 (19.3%) | <0.001 | 99 (12.5%) | 26 (19.7%) | 0.025 | 101 (12.8%) | 24 (17.3%) | 0.160 | 140 (13.5%) | |
Fever | 108 (14.2%) | 77 (27.5%) | <0.001 | 133 (16.8%) | 36 (27.3%) | 0.004 | 132 (16.8%) | 37 (26.6%) | 0.006 | 185 (17.8%) | |
Chills | 69 (9.1%) | 46 (16.4%) | <0.001 | 82 (10.3%) | 20 (15.2%) | 0.102 | 83 (10.6%) | 19 (13.7%) | 0.281 | 115 (11.1%) | |
Nausea | 48 (6.3%) | 26 (9.3%) | 0.100 | 52 (6.6%) | 13 (9.8%) | 0.171 | 48 (6.1%) | 17 (12.2%) | 0.009 | 74 (7.1%) | |
Diarrhoea | 20 (2.6%) | 12 (4.3%) | 0.172 | 21 (2.6%) | 8 (6.1%) | 0.054 * | 23 (2.9%) | 6 (4.3%) | 0.424 * | 32 (3.1%) | |
Dyspnea | 13 (1.7%) | 9 (3.2%) | 0.136 | 14 (1.8%) | 5 (3.8%) | 0.173 * | 16 (2%) | 3 (2.2%) | 1.000 * | 22 (2.1%) | |
Anaphylaxis | 4 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.579 * | 3 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | 3 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | 4 (0.4%) | |
Lymphadenopathy | 19 (2.5%) | 5 (1.8%) | 0.494 | 20 (2.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.342 * | 18 (2.3%) | 3 (2.2%) | 1.000 * | 24 (2.3%) | |
Oral Paresthesia | 7 (0.9%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.690 * | 8 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.610 * | 7 (0.9%) | 1 (0.7%) | 1.000 * | 8 (0.8%) | |
Ageusia | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.269 * | 1 (0.1%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.150 * | 1 (0.1%) | |
Dysgeusia | 6 (0.8%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.682 * | 6 (0.8%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1.000 * | 7 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.603 * | 7 (0.7%) | |
Halitosis | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.295 * | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.370 * | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.387 * | 4 (0.4%) | |
Oral UBV | 5 (0.7%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1.000 * | 4 (0.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.538 * | 4 (0.5%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.558 * | 7 (0.7%) | |
Bleeding Gingiva | 3 (0.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | 1.000 * | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.370 * | 3 (0.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | 4 (0.4%) | |
Skin Rash | 6 (0.8%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.682 * | 4 (0.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0.538 * | 5 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1.000 * | 7 (0.7%) | |
Total | 376 (49.5%) | 167 (59.6%) | 0.004 | 411 (51.8%) | 76 (57.6%) | 0.221 | 408 (51.9%) | 79 (56.8%) | 0.284 | 543 (52.3%) |
Variable | Outcome | Acetaminophen (n = 594) | Ibuprofen (n = 60) | Diclofenac (n = 10) | Total (n = 649) | Sig. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 430 (59%) | 43 (5.9%) | 8 (1.1%) | 468 (64.2%) | 0.077 |
Male | 164 (52.9%) | 17 (5.5%) | 2 (0.6%) | 181 (58.4%) | ||
Age Group | ≤34 years old | 304 (58.5%) | 26 (5%) | 6 (1.2%) | 331 (63.7%) | 0.451 |
>34 years old | 290 (56%) | 34 (6.6%) | 4 (0.8%) | 318 (61.4%) | ||
BMI | Non-obese | 485 (58.2%) | 45 (5.4%) | 10 (1.2%) | 532 (63.8%) | 0.056 |
Obese | 106 (53%) | 14 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 113 (56.5%) | ||
Chronic Illnesses | Yes | 116 (61.7%) | 10 (5.3%) | 1 (0.5%) | 123 (65.4%) | 0.354 |
No | 478 (56.2%) | 50 (5.9%) | 9 (1.1%) | 526 (61.8%) | ||
Medications | Yes | 152 (59.8%) | 13 (5.1%) | 3 (1.2%) | 166 (65.4%) | 0.274 |
No | 442 (56.3%) | 47 (6%) | 7 (0.9%) | 483 (61.5%) | ||
First Dose | mRNA | 402 (53%) | 35 (4.6%) | 7 (0.9%) | 443 (58.4%) | <0.001 |
Viral Vector | 192 (68.6%) | 25 (8.9%) | 3 (1.1%) | 206 (73.6%) | ||
Second Dose | mRNA | 443 (55.9%) | 41 (5.2%) | 7 (0.9%) | 478 (60.3%) | <0.001 |
Viral Vector | 93 (70.5%) | 17 (12.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 104 (78.8%) | ||
Schedule | Homologous | 439 (55.9%) | 49 (6.2%) | 7 (0.9%) | 481 (61.2%) | 0.010 |
Heterologous | 97 (69.8%) | 9 (6.5%) | 1 (0.7%) | 101 (72.7%) | ||
Local SE | Injection Site Pain | 489 (59.3%) | 53 (6.4%) | 8 (1%) | 538 (65.2%) | <0.001 |
Injection Site Swelling | 118 (64.5%) | 15 (8.2%) | 2 (1.1%) | 134 (73.2%) | <0.001 | |
Injection Site Redness | 46 (57.5%) | 8 (10%) | 2 (2.5%) | 53 (66.3%) | 0.467 | |
Total | 508 (59%) | 57 (6.6%) | 8 (0.9%) | 561 (65.2%) | <0.001 | |
Systemic SE | Fatigue | 282 (75.2%) | 33 (8.8%) | 4 (1.1%) | 306 (81.6%) | <0.001 |
Headache | 211 (80.5%) | 26 (9.9%) | 4 (1.5%) | 227 (86.6%) | <0.001 | |
Myalgia | 203 (75.2%) | 28 (10.4%) | 3 (1.1%) | 221 (81.9%) | <0.001 | |
Arthralgia | 104 (74.3%) | 14 (10%) | 3 (2.1%) | 118 (84.3%) | <0.001 | |
Fever | 157 (84.9%) | 22 (11.9%) | 1 (0.5%) | 168 (90.8%) | <0.001 | |
Chills | 100 (87%) | 15 (13%) | 1 (0.9%) | 104 (90.4%) | <0.001 | |
Nausea | 53 (71.6%) | 5 (6.8%) | 0 (0%) | 59 (79.7%) | 0.001 | |
Diarrhea | 23 (71.9%) | 3 (9.4%) | 1 (3.1%) | 27 (84.4%) | 0.009 | |
Dyspnea | 15 (68.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 17 (77.3%) | 0.147 | |
Anaphylaxis | 3 (75%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (75%) | 1.000 * | |
Lymphadenopathy | 12 (50%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) | 17 (70.8%) | 0.392 | |
Oral Paresthesia | 7 (87.5%) | 1 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (87.5%) | 0.271 * | |
Ageusia | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 1.000 * | |
Dysgeusia | 7 (100%) | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (100%) | 0.050 * | |
Halitosis | 3 (75%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (75%) | 1.000 * | |
Oral UBV | 4 (57.1%) | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (71.4%) | 0.717 * | |
Bleeding Gingiva | 1 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (50%) | 0.634 * | |
Skin Rash | 4 (57.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (71.4%) | 0.717 * | |
Total | 379 (69.8%) | 45 (8.3%) | 6 (1.1%) | 419 (77.2%) | <0.001 |
Predictor | Local Side Effects | Systemic Side Effects | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | OR (CI 95%) | Sig. | B (SE) | OR (CI 95%) | Sig. | |
Sex: Female [n = 729] (vs. Male [n = 310]) | 0.399 (0.173) | 1.490 (1.062–2.090) | 0.021 | 0.166 (0.136) | 1.181 (0.905–1.540) | 0.221 |
Age Group: ≤34 [n = 520] (vs. >34 y [n = 518]) | 0.669 (0.170) | 1.953 (1.400–2.725) | <0.001 | 0.054 (0.124) | 1.055 (0.827 –1.346) | 0.666 |
BMI: non-obese [n = 834] (vs. obese [n = 200]) | 0.396 (0.195) | 1.487 (1.014–2.179) | 0.042 | 0.135 (0.158) | 1.145 (0.841–1.559) | 0.391 |
Infection: No [n = 820] (vs. Yes [n = 219]) | 0.399 (0.189) | 1.490 (1.028–2.159) | 0.035 | 0.265 (0.152) | 1.304 (0.967–1.758) | 0.082 |
Schedule: Homo- [n = 786] (vs. Heterologous [n = 139]) | 0.506 (0.227) | 1.658 (1.062–2.588) | 0.026 | −0.199 (0.186) | 0.820 (0.570–1.179) | 0.284 |
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Riad, A.; Alsaad, S.S.; Almurikhi, A.A.; Alzahrani, F.A.; Alghamdi, A.M.; Alzaid, E.H.; Klugar, M. Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines Primer Doses: Experience of Saudi Healthcare Workers Participating in CoVaST-SA. Vaccines 2022, 10, 2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122137
Riad A, Alsaad SS, Almurikhi AA, Alzahrani FA, Alghamdi AM, Alzaid EH, Klugar M. Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines Primer Doses: Experience of Saudi Healthcare Workers Participating in CoVaST-SA. Vaccines. 2022; 10(12):2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122137
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiad, Abanoub, Safa S. Alsaad, Ali A. Almurikhi, Fayez A. Alzahrani, Ali M. Alghamdi, Esra H. Alzaid, and Miloslav Klugar. 2022. "Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines Primer Doses: Experience of Saudi Healthcare Workers Participating in CoVaST-SA" Vaccines 10, no. 12: 2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122137
APA StyleRiad, A., Alsaad, S. S., Almurikhi, A. A., Alzahrani, F. A., Alghamdi, A. M., Alzaid, E. H., & Klugar, M. (2022). Side Effects of COVID-19 Vaccines Primer Doses: Experience of Saudi Healthcare Workers Participating in CoVaST-SA. Vaccines, 10(12), 2137. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122137