Adverse Events of COVID-19 Vaccination among the Saudi Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Information Sources and Search Strategy
2.3. Selection Process
2.4. Data Items and Collection Process
2.5. Risk of Bias and Quality Assessment
2.6. Data Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Study Selection
3.2. Characteristics of Included Studies and Participants
3.3. Quality of the Included Studies
3.4. Meta-Analysis
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kandeel, M.; Yamamoto, M.; Tani, H.; Kobayashi, A.; Gohda, J.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Park, B.K.; Kwon, H.-J.; Inoue, J.-I.; Alkattan, A. Discovery of New Fusion Inhibitor Peptides against SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting the Spike S2 Subunit. Biomol. Ther. 2021, 29, 282–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdelgawad, H.A.H.; Sayed, A.; Munir, M.; Elberry, M.H.; Sayed, I.M.; Kamal, M.A.; Negida, A.; Ebada, M.A.; Bahbah, E.I. Clinical Review of COVID-19; Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2021, 27, 4232–4244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, B.M. The Role of Saikosaponins in Therapeutic Strategies for Age-Related Diseases. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018, 2018, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Federico, M. The Conundrum of Current Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2021, 60, 46–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jackson, L.A.; Anderson, E.J.; Rouphael, N.G.; Roberts, P.C.; Makhene, M.; Coler, R.N.; McCullough, M.P.; Chappell, J.D.; Denison, M.R.; Stevens, L.J.; et al. An MRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 1920–1931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khehra, N.; Padda, I.; Jaferi, U.; Atwal, H.; Narain, S.; Parmar, M.S. Tozinameran (BNT162b2) Vaccine: The Journey from Preclinical Research to Clinical Trials and Authorization. Aaps Pharmscitech 2021, 22, 172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jan, H.; Waheeb, A.; AlAhwal, H.; Almohammadi, A.; Al-Marzouki, A.; Barefah, A.; Bahashawan, S.; Radhwi, O. COVID-19 Vaccine Perception and Hesitancy Among Patients With Sickle Cell Disease in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2022, 14, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Assiri, A.; Al-Tawfiq, J.A.; Alkhalifa, M.; Al Duhailan, H.; Al Qahtani, S.; Dawas, R.A.; El Seoudi, A.A.; Alomran, N.; Omar, O.A.; Alotaibi, N.; et al. Launching COVID-19 Vaccination in Saudi Arabia: Lessons Learned, and the Way Forward. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2021, 43, 102119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voysey, M.; Costa Clemens, S.A.; Madhi, S.A.; Weckx, L.Y.; Folegatti, P.M.; Aley, P.K.; Angus, B.; Baillie, V.L.; Barnabas, S.L.; Bhorat, Q.E.; et al. Single-Dose Administration and the Influence of the Timing of the Booster Dose on Immunogenicity and Efficacy of ChAdOx1 NCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine: A Pooled Analysis of Four Randomised Trials. Lancet 2021, 397, 881–891. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirzaei, R.; Mohammadzadeh, R.; Mahdavi, F.; Badrzadeh, F.; Kazemi, S.; Ebrahimi, M.; Soltani, F.; Kazemi, S.; Jeda, A.S.; Darvishmotevalli, M.; et al. Overview of the Current Promising Approaches for the Development of an Effective Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2020, 88, 106928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riad, A.; Schünemann, H.; Attia, S.; Peričić, T.; Žuljević, M.; Jürisson, M.; Kalda, R.; Lang, K.; Morankar, S.; Yesuf, E.; et al. COVID-19 Vaccines Safety Tracking (CoVaST): Protocol of a Multi-Center Prospective Cohort Study for Active Surveillance of COVID-19 Vaccines’ Side Effects. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 7859. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nguyen, L.H.; Joshi, A.D.; Drew, D.A.; Merino, J.; Ma, W.; Lo, C.-H.; Kwon, S.; Wang, K.; Graham, M.S.; Polidori, L.; et al. Racial and Ethnic Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Uptake. MedRxiv 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AbdelGhaffar, M.M.; Omran, D.; Elgebaly, A.; Bahbah, E.I.; Afify, S.; AlSoda, M.; El-Shiekh, M.; ElSayed, E.S.; Shaaban, S.S.; AbdelHafez, S.; et al. Prediction of Mortality in Hospitalized Egyptian Patients with Coronavirus Disease-2019: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. PloS ONE 2022, 17, e0262348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Omran, D.; Al Soda, M.; Bahbah, E.; Esmat, G.; Shousha, H.; Elgebaly, A.; Abdel Ghaffar, M.; Alsheikh, M.; El Sayed, E.; Afify, S.; et al. Predictors of Severity and Development of Critical Illness of Egyptian COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Study. PloS ONE 2021, 16, e0256203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Riad, A.; Pokorná, A.; Attia, S.; Klugarová, J.; Koščík, M.; Klugar, M. Prevalence of COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects among Healthcare Workers in the Czech Republic. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 1428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaur, S.P.; Gupta, V. COVID-19 Vaccine: A Comprehensive Status Report. Virus Res. 2020, 288, 198114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E.; et al. The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ 2021, 10, n71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cumpston, M.; Li, T.; Page, M.J.; Chandler, J.; Welch, V.A.; Higgins, J.P.; Thomas, J. Updated Guidance for Trusted Systematic Reviews: A New Edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2019, 10, ED000142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Almohaya, A.M.; Alsubie, H.; Alqarni, B.; Alzayad, B.; Alghar, A.; Alshahrani, K.; Barry, M. Acute Unsolicited Adverse Events Following BNT162b2 Vaccine in Saudi Arabia, a Real-World Data. Vaccine 2022, 40, 477–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alfaleh, A.; Alkattan, A.; Radwan, N.; Elzohri, M.; Alzaher, A.; Ibrahim, M. Adverse Drug Reactions from Two COVID—19 Vaccines Reported in Saudi Arabia. Drugs. Perspect. 2022, 38, 84–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohammed, R.A.; Garout, R.M.; Wahid, S.; Ayub, F.; Firas ZinAlddin, L.M.; Sultan, I. A Survey on the Side Effects of Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Among Vaccinated Adults in Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mahallawi, W.H.; Mumena, W.A. Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity of the P Fi Zer and AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccines. Front. Immunol. 2021, 9, 5169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Shitany, N.A.; Harakeh, S.; Badr-Eldin, S.M.; Bagher, A.M.; Eid, B.; Almukadi, H.; Alghamdi, B.S.; Alahmadi, A.A.; Hassan, N.A.; Sindi, N.; et al. Minor to Moderate Side Effects of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Among Saudi Residents: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Gen. Med. 2021, 14, 1389–1401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Almohaya, A.M.; Qari, F.; Zubaidi, G.A.; Alnajim, N.; Moustafa, K.; Alshabi, M.M.; Alsubaie, F.M.; Almutairi, I.; Alwazna, Q.; Al-tawfiq, J.A.; et al. Early Solicited Adverse Events Following the BNT162b2 MRNA Vaccination, a Population Survey from Saudi Arabia. Prev. Med. Rep. 2021, 24, 101595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhazmi, A.; Alamer, E.; Daws, D.; Hakami, M.; Darraj, M.; Abdelwahab, S.; Maghfuri, A.; Algaissi, A. Evaluation of Side Effects Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines 2021, 9, 674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alghamdi, A.N.; Alotaibi, M.I.; Alqahtani, A.S.; Al Aboud, D.; Abdel-Moneim, A.S. BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 SARS-CoV-2 Post-Vaccination Side-Effects Among Saudi Vaccinees. Front. Med. 2021, 8, 1796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alghamdi, A.; Ibrahim, A.; Almutairi, R.; Joseph, M.; Alghamdi, G.; Alhamza, A. A Cross-Sectional Survey of Side Effects after COVID-19 Vaccination in Saudi Arabia: Male versus Female Outcomes. J. Adv. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2021, 11, 51–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alghamdi, A.; Ibrahim, A.; Alraey, M.; Alkazemi, A.; Alghamdi, I.; Alwarafi, G. Side Effects Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Survey with Age-Related Outcomes in Saudi Arabia. J. Adv. Pharm. Educ. Res. 2021, 11, 119–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alghamdi, A.A.; Alkazemi, A.; Alissa, A.; Alghamdi, I.; Alwarafi, G.; Waggas, H.A. Adverse Events Following AstraZeneca COVID-19 Vaccine in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study among Healthcare and Nonhealthcare Workers. Intervirology 2022, 65, 104–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alamer, E.; Alhazmi, A.; Qasir, N.A.; Alamer, R.; Areeshi, H.; Gohal, G.; Qadri, M.; Hashem, A.M.; Algaissi, A. Side Effects of COVID-19 Pfizer-BioNTech MRNA Vaccine in Children Aged 12–18 Years in Saudi Arabia. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al Bahrani, S.; Albarrak, A.; Alghamdi, O.A.; Alghamdi, M.A.; Hakami, F.H.; Al Abaadi, A.K.; Alkhrashi, S.A.; Alghamdi, M.Y.; Almershad, M.M.; Alenazi, M.M.; et al. Safety and Reactogenicity of the ChAdOx1 (AZD1222) COVID-19 Vaccine in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2021, 110, 359–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahsan, W.; Syed, N.K.; Alsraeya, A.A.; Alhazmi, H.A.; Najmi, A.; Al Bratty, M.; Javed, S.; Makeen, H.A.; Meraya, A.M.; Albarraq, A.A.; et al. Post-Vaccination Survey for Monitoring the Side Effects Associated with COVID-19 Vaccines among Healthcare Professionals of Jazan Province, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J. 2021, 42, 1341–1352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Adam, M.; Gameraddin, M.; Alelyani, M.; Alshahrani, M.Y.; Gareeballah, A.; Ahmad, I.; Azzawi, A.; Komit, B.; Musa, A. Evaluation of Post-Vaccination Symptoms of Two Common COVID-19 Vaccines Used in Abha, Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patient Prefer. Adherence 2021, 15, 1963–1970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hohwü, L.; Lyshol, H.; Gissler, M.; Jonsson, S.H.; Petzold, M.; Obel, C. Web-Based versus Traditional Paper Questionnaires: A Mixed-Mode Survey with a Nordic Perspective. J. Med. Internet Res. 2013, 15, e173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Beattie, M.; Murphy, D.J.; Atherton, I.; Lauder, W. Instruments to Measure Patient Experience of Healthcare Quality in Hospitals: A Systematic Review. Syst. Rev. 2015, 4, 97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Andrzejczak-Grządko, S.; Czudy, Z.; Donderska, M. Side Effects after COVID-19 Vaccinations among Residents of Poland. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci. 2021, 25, 4418–4421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klugar, M.; Riad, A.; Mekhemar, M.; Conrad, J.; Buchbender, M.; Howaldt, H.-P.; Attia, S. Side Effects of MRNA-Based and Viral Vector-Based COVID-19 Vaccines among German Healthcare Workers. Biology 2021, 10, 752. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Polack, F.P.; Thomas, S.J.; Kitchin, N.; Absalon, J.; Gurtman, A.; Lockhart, S.; Perez, J.L.; Pérez Marc, G.; Moreira, E.D.; Zerbini, C.; et al. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 MRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 2603–2615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chapin-Bardales, J.; Gee, J.; Myers, T. Reactogenicity Following Receipt of MRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines. JAMA 2021, 325, 2201–2202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kadali, R.A.K.; Janagama, R.; Peruru, S.; Malayala, S. V Side Effects of BNT162b2 MRNA COVID-19 Vaccine: A Randomized, Cross-Sectional Study with Detailed Self-Reported Symptoms from Healthcare Workers. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2021, 106, 376–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meo, S.A.; Bukhari, I.A.; Akram, J.; Meo, A.S.; Klonoff, D.C. COVID-19 Vaccines: Comparison of Biological, Pharmacological Characteristics and Adverse Effects of Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharm. Sci. 2021, 25, 1663–1669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menni, C.; Klaser, K.; May, A.; Polidori, L.; Capdevila, J.; Louca, P.; Sudre, C.H.; Nguyen, L.H.; Drew, D.A.; Merino, J.; et al. Vaccine Side-Effects and SARS-CoV-2 Infection after Vaccination in Users of the COVID Symptom Study App in the UK: A Prospective Observational Study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2021, 21, 939–949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kouhpayeh, H.; Ansari, H. Adverse Events Following COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2022, 109, 108906. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rostam-Abadi, Y.; Gholami, J.; Noroozi, A.; Ansari, M.; Baheshmat, S.; Hamzehzadeh, M.; Ghadirzadeh, M.R.; Vahdani, B.; Ekhtiari, H.; Mojtabai, R.; et al. Public Health Risks Associated with Methadone in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Drug Policy 2022, 100, 103529. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Castells, M.C.; Phillips, E.J. Maintaining Safety with SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. N. Engl. J. Med. 2021, 384, 643–649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, C.A.; Liu, Y.; Relling, M.V.; Krantz, M.S.; Pratt, A.L.; Abreo, A.; Hemler, J.A.; Phillips, E.J. Immediate Hypersensitivity to Polyethylene Glycols and Polysorbates: More Common Than We Have Recognized. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pr. 2019, 7, 1533–1540.e8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stone, C.A.; Rukasin, C.R.F.; Beachkofsky, T.M.; Phillips, E.J. Immune-mediated Adverse Reactions to Vaccines. Br. J. Clin. Pharm. 2019, 85, 2694–2706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Reichmuth, A.M.; Oberli, M.A.; Jaklenec, A.; Langer, R.; Blankschtein, D. MRNA Vaccine Delivery Using Lipid Nanoparticles. Deliv. 2016, 7, 319–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Haas, J.W.; Bender, F.L.; Ballou, S.; Kelley, J.M.; Wilhelm, M.; Miller, F.G.; Rief, W.; Kaptchuk, T.J. Frequency of Adverse Events in the Placebo Arms of COVID-19 Vaccine Trials. Jama Netw. Open 2022, 5, e2143955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pormohammad, A.; Zarei, M.; Ghorbani, S.; Mohammadi, M.; Razizadeh, M.H.; Turner, D.L.; Turner, R.J. Efficacy and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Vaccines 2021, 9, 467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, Q.; Qin, C.; Liu, M.; Liu, J. Effectiveness and Safety of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Real-World Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Infect. Dis. Poverty 2021, 10, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, J.; Cai, Y.; Chen, Y.; Williams, A.P.; Gao, Y.; Zeng, J. Nervous and Muscular Adverse Events after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Vaccines 2021, 9, 939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
ID | Study Design | Method of Data Collection | Study Duration | Sample Size | Vaccines | Age (Years) ** | Inclusion Criteria | Male |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan et al., 2022 | cross-sectional | Questionnaire | May 10 to 20, 2021 | 147 | Pfizer and AstraZeneca | 32.2 (19–49) | All participants with Sickle Cell Disease who received Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccines | 79 (53.7%) |
Almohaya et al., 2021 | retrospective cohort | Hospital Databases | February 1st to March 31st, 2021 | 71221 | Pfizer | 32 (16–109) | Participants experienced AEs following the Pfizer vaccine | 39884 (56) |
Alfaleh et al., 2022 | cross-sectional | Questionnaire | December 2020 to March 2021 * | 4432572 | Pfizer and AstraZeneca | 16 to ≥65 | Individuals had at least one dose of any batch of any of the Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccines | NA |
Mohammed et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Online survey | February to March 2021 | 386 | Pfizer | 18 to ≥65 | Any individual who took the Pfizer vaccine in Saudi Arabia | 177 (45.9) |
Mahallawi et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Online survey | February 1st to June 30th, 2021 * | 365 | Pfizer and AstraZeneca | 45.1 ± 14.7 | Participants who received both doses of either the Pfizer or AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine | 306 (83.8) |
EL-Shitany et al.,2021 | cross-sectional | Online survey | January 10 to 21, 2021 | 455 | Pfizer | 16 to ≥65 | Individuals who received at least one dose of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine. | 163 (35.8%) |
Almohaya et al., 2021b | cross-sectional | Online survey | June 1 to 8, 2021 | 3639 | Pfizer | 18 to ≥65 | A resident of the KSA at the time of enrollment and have received at least one dose of the Pfizer vaccine | 1337 (36.7) |
Alhazmi et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Online survey | April 7 to April 28, 2021 | 515 | Pfizer and AstraZeneca | 26 ± 9 | Any individual took Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccines | 221 (43%) |
Alghamdi N. et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Questionnaire | - | 4170 | Pfizer and AstraZeneca | 16 to ≥65 | Any individual took Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccines in Saudi Arabia | 1296 (31.08) |
Alghamdi A. et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Telephone-based survey | February 28 to March 12, 2021 | 528 | AstraZeneca | 16 to ≥65 | Individuals who received the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine | 263 (49.81) |
Alghamdi A. et al., 2021b | cross-sectional | Telephone-based survey | February 28 to March 12, 2021 | 528 | AstraZeneca | 16 to ≥65 | Individuals who received the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine | 263 (49.81) |
Alghamdi A. et al., 2021c | cross-sectional | Telephone-based survey | February 28 to March 12, 2021 | 528 | AstraZeneca | 16 to ≥65 | Individuals who received the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine | 263 (49.81) |
Alamer et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Online survey | 1st August to 24th August of 2021 | 965 | Pfizer | 16 ± 2 | Children received single or double doses of the Pfizer vaccine | 460 (48) |
Bahrani et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Telephone-based survey | April to May 2021 | 1592 | AstraZeneca | 37.4 ± 9.6 | Individuals who received the first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine | 1290 (81) |
Ahsan et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Online survey | March 30 to May 13, 2021) | 397 | Pfizer and AstraZeneca | 34.43 ± 6.73 | Individuals who received at least one dose of either the Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccine | 209 (52.6) |
Adam et al., 2021 | cross-sectional | Online survey | March to May 2021 | 330 | Pfizer and AstraZeneca | 18 to ≥65 | Participants who received either one or two doses of the AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccine | 216 (65.5) |
AEs | Pfizer | AstraZeneca |
---|---|---|
Myalgia | 35.3% (28.3–43.0%) | 70.7% (67.0–80.8%) |
Fatigue | 28.3% (20.3–38.0%) | 60.8% (31.0–80.8%) |
Fever | 18.3% (14.3–23.0%) | 57.7% (42.0–80.8%) |
Joint Pain | 27.3% (25.3–28.0%) | 55.5% (53.0–80.8%) |
Pain at the site of injection | 59.3% (44.3–73.0%) | 54.8% (26.0–80.8%) |
Headache | 25.3% (22.3–29.0%) | 45.5% (36.0–80.8%) |
Chills | 10.3% (6.3–14.0%) | 40.6% (21.0–80.8%) |
Generalized pain | 7.3% (0.3–41.0%) | 26.9% (01.0–80.8%) |
Injection site swelling | 12.3% (7.3–19.0%) | 25.2% (23.0–80.8%) |
Dizziness | 20.3% (11.3–33.0%) | 24.6% (04.0–80.8%) |
Vomiting | 4.3% (1.3–12.0%) | 18.4% (14.9–22.6%) |
Chest pain | 8.3% (5.3–13.0%) | 13.1% (11.0–80.8%) |
GIT symptoms | 8.3% (1.3–28.0%) | 10.1% (06.0–80.8%) |
Diarrhea | 5.3% (3.3–06.0%) | 9.6% (8.2–11.1%) |
Abdominal Pain | 7.3% (6.3–7.0%) | 09.1% (08.0–80.8%) |
Numbness | 6.3% (3.3–11.0%) | 8.5% (6.4–11.2%) |
Nausea | 7.3% (3.3–14.0%) | 07.2% (02.0–80.8%) |
Palpitations/A fast heartbeat | 6.3% (5.3–7.0%) | 4.9% (0.7–26.1%) |
Dyspnea | 6.3% (4.3–11.0%) | 3.7% (2.9–4.6%) |
Sore throat | 1.3% (0.3–15.0%) | 0.9% (0–16.9%) |
Lymphadenopathy | 2.3% (1.3–6.0%) | 0.6% (0.5–0.8%) |
Hospitalization due to side effects | 8.3% (6.3–11.0%) | 0.0% (0–8%) |
High Blood pressure | 1.3% (0.3–13.0%) | NA |
Vaccines | Number of Studies | Serious vs. Non-Serious (%) | RR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity |
---|---|---|---|---|
AstraZeneca and Pfizer | 3 | 12.07 vs. 71.88 | (RR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.09–0.34; p < 0.0001) | I2 = 89%, p < 0.001 |
Pfizer | 5 | 17.91 vs. 78.73 | (RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14–0.30; p < 0.00001) | I2 = 98%, p < 0.001 |
AstraZeneca | 1 | 2.49 vs. 76.35 | (RR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.02–0.04; p < 0.00001) | - |
AEs | Number of Studies | RR (95% CI) | Heterogeneity |
---|---|---|---|
Bad rash all over the body | 2 | (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.36–2.14; p = 0.78) | I2 = 11%; p = 0.29 |
Chest pain | 2 | (RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.71–1.14; p = 0.38) | I2 = 0%; p = 0.37 |
Chills | 4 | (RR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.36–0.48; p < 0.0001) | I2 = 0%; p = 0.45 |
Diarrhea | 2 | (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 0.48–3.29; p = 0.65) | I2 = 32%; p = 0.22 |
Difficulty of Breathing | 3 | (RR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.75–1.26; p = 0.82) | I2 = 23%; p = 0.27 |
Dizziness and giddiness | 2 | (RR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.75–1.01; p = 0.07) | I2 = 0%; p = 0.83 |
Elevated blood pressure | 2 | (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.38–2.08; p = 0.78) | I2 = 11%; p = 0.29 |
Fatigue | 4 | (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.51–1.04; p = 0.08) | I2 = 93%; p < 0.0001 |
Fever | 5 | (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.31–0.55; p < 0.00001) | I2 = 88%; p < 0.0001 |
Headache | 5 | (RR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.66–0.83; p < 0.00001) | I2 = 48%; p = 0.11 |
Hypersensitivity Symptoms | 2 | (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.45–1.40; p = 0.42) | I2 = 66%; p = 0.09 |
Injection site swelling and redness | 3 | (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.94–1.25; p = 0.26) | I2 = 45%; p = 0.16 |
Joint pain | 2 | (RR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24–0.61; p < 0.0001) | I2 = 50%; p = 0.13 |
Lips swelling | 2 | (RR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.70–2.18; p = 0.46) | I2 = 0%; p = 0.59 |
Lymph node swelling | 4 | (RR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34–0.67; p < 0.0001) | I2 = 29%; p = 0.24 |
Nausea and vomiting | 3 | (RR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.60–0.86; p = 0.0004) | I2 = 0%; p = 0.48 |
Nerve Inflammation Symptoms | 2 | (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55–0.84; p = 0.0004) | I2 = 43%; p = 0.19 |
Pain at the site of the injection | 5 | (RR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.93–1.12; p = 0.67) | I2 = 83%; p = 0.0001 |
Sore throat | 2 | (RR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.81–1.24; p = 0.98) | I2 = 0%; p = 0.53 |
Tiredness | 2 | (RR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.40–0.84; p = 0.004) | I2 = 45%; p = 0.18 |
Flu-like symptoms | 2 | (RR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.30–0.43; p < 0.0001) | I2 = 0%; p = 0.84 |
Body ache | 2 | (RR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.55–0.66; p < 0.0001) | I2 = 74%; p = 0.05 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alhossan, A.; Alsaran, A.K.; Almahmudi, A.H.; Aljohani, Z.S.; Albishi, M.R.; Almutairi, A.K. Adverse Events of COVID-19 Vaccination among the Saudi Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines 2022, 10, 2089. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122089
Alhossan A, Alsaran AK, Almahmudi AH, Aljohani ZS, Albishi MR, Almutairi AK. Adverse Events of COVID-19 Vaccination among the Saudi Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vaccines. 2022; 10(12):2089. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122089
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhossan, Abdulaziz, Amjad Khalid Alsaran, Afnan Hussain Almahmudi, Ziad Saad Aljohani, Mohammed Rajeh Albishi, and Ahoud Khashman Almutairi. 2022. "Adverse Events of COVID-19 Vaccination among the Saudi Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Vaccines 10, no. 12: 2089. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122089