Factors Associated with Zero-Dose Childhood Vaccination Status in a Remote Fishing Community in Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Data Collection and Sampling
2.3. Key Operational Definitions
2.4. Data Management and Analysis
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
Factors Associated with Zero-Dose Vaccination Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. Limitations
5.2. Recommendation
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Contacts | Age | Antigenes * |
---|---|---|
1st contact | At birth | BCG, OPV 0 |
2nd contact | Six weeks | Penta 1 (DPT-1 + Hep B1 + HIB1), OPV-1, Pneumo 13-1, Rota-1 |
3rd contact | Ten weeks | Penta 2 (DPT-2 + Hep B2 + HIB2), OPV-2, Pneumo 13-2, Rota-2 |
4th contact | 14 weeks | Penta 3 (DPT-3 + Hep B3 + HIB3), OPV-3, Pneumo 13-3, IPV |
5th contact | Nine months | MR1, yellow fever vaccine |
6th contact | 15 months | MR2 |
Characteristic | N = 278 | Zero-Dose (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.7453 | ||
Male | 148 (53.2%) | 137 (92.6%) | |
Female | 129 (46.4%) | 118 (91.5%) | |
Health Area | 0.5781 | ||
Cap-Cameroon | 160 (57.6%) | 145 (90.1%) | |
Toube | 118 (42.4%) | 110 (93.2%) | |
Birth Site | 0.0000 | ||
Home | 258 (92.8%) | 244 (94.6%) | |
Health facility | 20 (7.2%) | 11 (55%) | |
Birth Certificate | 0.0077 | ||
Yes | 18 (6.5%) | 13 (72.2%) | |
No | 260 (93.5%) | 242 (93.1%) | |
Father’s nationality | 0.0000 | ||
Cameroonian | 46 (16.5%) | 33 (71.7%) | |
Immigrants | 211 (75.9%) | 202 (95.7%) | |
Father’s Profession | 0.8702 | ||
Fishing | 220 (79.1%) | 202 (91.8%) | |
Others | 38 (13.7%) | 34 (89.4%) | |
Father’s Religion | 0.7748 | ||
Christian | 241 (86.7%) | 221 (91.7%) | |
Others | 14 (5.0%) | 12 (85.7%) | |
Father’s Educational level | 0.8450 | ||
Not Educated | 182 (65.5%) | 166 (91.2%) | |
Primary Education | 46 (16.5%) | 43 (93.5%) | |
Secondary Education | 30 (10.8%) | 27 (90%) | |
Mother’s nationality | 0.0000 | ||
Cameroonian | 35 (12.6%) | 25 (71.4%) | |
Immigrant | 242 (87.1%) | 229 (94.6%) | |
Mother’s Profession | 0.5431 | ||
Housewife | 167 (60.1%) | 155 (92.8%) | |
Others | 110 (39.6%) | 99 (90%) | |
Mother’s Religion | 0.0623 | ||
Christian | 256 (92.1%) | 237 (92.6%) | |
Non-Christians | 15 (5.4%) | 13 (86.7%) | |
Mother’s Educational level | 0.1589 | ||
None | 104 (37.4%) | 98 (94.2%) | |
Primary Education | 135 (48.6%) | 124 (91.9%) | |
Secondary Education | 38 (13.7%) | 32 (84.2%) | |
Marital Status of Mother | 1 | ||
Married | 242 (87.1%) | 222 (91.7%) | |
Others | 33 (11.9%) | 30 (90.9%) |
Characteristic | Frequency (%) |
---|---|
Vaccination Status (N = 278) | |
Complete | 5 (1.8) |
Incomplete | 18 (6.5) |
Zero-dose | 255 (91.7) |
Vaccination site for ASD (N = 23) | |
Manoka District Hospital | 17 (73.9) |
Other Districts | 5 (21.7) |
Vaccination strategy for ASD (N = 23) | |
Vaccination campaigns | 18 (78.3) |
Routine vaccination in a health facility | 4 (17.4) |
Antigen received by ASD (N = 23) | |
BCG | 17 (73.9) |
OPV 0 | 13 (56.5) |
OPV 1 | 5 (21.7) |
OPV 2 | 4 (17.4) |
OPV 3 | 3 (13) |
IPV | 3 (13) |
Penta 1, PCV 1 | 4 (17.4) |
Penta 2, PCV 2 | 4 (17) |
Penta 3, PCV 3 | 3 (13) |
Rota 1 | 4 (17.4) |
Rota 2 | 2 (8.7) |
Measles/yellow fever | 0 (0.0) |
Reason for non-vaccination among zero-dose children (N = 255) | |
No health facility | 234 (91.7) |
No transportation means | 10 (3.9) |
No reason | 11 (4.3) |
Univariate Logistic Analysis | Multivariate Logistic Analysis | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Zero-Dose (%) | COR (95%CI) | p Value | AOR (95% CI) | p Value | |
Age of child (months) | - | - | 0.91 (0.84–0.97) | 0.0074 | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 0.0401 |
Child’s birth order | - | - | 1.27 (1.01–1.60) | 0.0426 | 1.33 (0.97–1.81) | 0.0753 |
Birth site | ||||||
Home | 258 | 94.6 | 1 | 1 | ||
Health facility | 20 | 55 | 0.07 (0.02–0.20) | 0.0000 | 0.07 (0.02–0.30) | 0.0003 |
Birth Certificate | ||||||
No | 18 | 72.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Yes | 260 | 93.1 | 0.19 (0.06–0.60) | 0.0046 | 0.76 (0.15–3.85) | 0.7354 |
Mother’s educational level | ||||||
Not Educated | 104 | 94.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Primary Education | 135 | 91.9 | 0.69 (0.25–1.93) | 0.4802 | 0.76 (0.19–2.93) | 0.6903 |
Secondary Education | 38 | 84.2 | 0.33 (0.01–1.08) | 0.0675 | 0.53 (0.09–2.96) | 0.4692 |
Mother’s Religion | ||||||
Christian | 256 | 96.2 | 1 | 1 | ||
Non-Christians | 15 | 86.7 | 0.26 (0.08–0.88) | 0.0299 | 6.55 (1.04–41.25) | 0.0453 |
Mother’s Nationality | ||||||
Cameroonian | 35 | 71.4 | 1 | 1 | ||
Immigrants | 242 | 94.6 | 7.05 (2.80–17.72) | 0 | 2.60 (0.65–10.35) | 0.1760 |
Father’s Nationality | ||||||
Cameroonian | 46 | 71.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
Immigrants | 211 | 95.7 | 8.84 (3.50–22.32) | 0 | 8.92 (2.29–34.65) | 0.0016 |
Mother’s Age | -- | -- | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 0.7362 | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 0.9794 |
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Nchinjoh, S.C.; Saidu, Y.; Agbor, V.N.; Mbanga, C.M.; Jude Muteh, N.; Njoh, A.A.; Ndoula, S.T.; Nsah, B.; Edwige, N.N.; Roberman, S.; et al. Factors Associated with Zero-Dose Childhood Vaccination Status in a Remote Fishing Community in Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. Vaccines 2022, 10, 2052. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122052
Nchinjoh SC, Saidu Y, Agbor VN, Mbanga CM, Jude Muteh N, Njoh AA, Ndoula ST, Nsah B, Edwige NN, Roberman S, et al. Factors Associated with Zero-Dose Childhood Vaccination Status in a Remote Fishing Community in Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. Vaccines. 2022; 10(12):2052. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122052
Chicago/Turabian StyleNchinjoh, Sangwe Clovis, Yauba Saidu, Valirie Ndip Agbor, Clarence Mvalo Mbanga, Nkwain Jude Muteh, Andreas Ateke Njoh, Shalom Tchofke Ndoula, Bernard Nsah, Nnang Nadege Edwige, Sveta Roberman, and et al. 2022. "Factors Associated with Zero-Dose Childhood Vaccination Status in a Remote Fishing Community in Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study" Vaccines 10, no. 12: 2052. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122052
APA StyleNchinjoh, S. C., Saidu, Y., Agbor, V. N., Mbanga, C. M., Jude Muteh, N., Njoh, A. A., Ndoula, S. T., Nsah, B., Edwige, N. N., Roberman, S., & Zamir, C. S. (2022). Factors Associated with Zero-Dose Childhood Vaccination Status in a Remote Fishing Community in Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. Vaccines, 10(12), 2052. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122052