Increasing Vaccination: Psychological Characteristics of COVID-19 Vaccine Advocates, Converts, and Resisters in Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Pre-Test
2.3. Measurements
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Profiles of Vaccine Advocates, Resisters, and Converts
3.2. Psychological Factors Underpinning Vaccine Acceptance
3.3. Psychological Factors Underpinning Vaccine Acceptance
4. Discussion
4.1. The Sociodemographic Profile of Vaccine Advocates, Resisters, and Converts
4.2. Psychological Determinants of Vaccine Advocates, Resisters, and Converts
4.3. Limitations and Future Work
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 1501) | Resister (n = 295) | Advocate (n = 458) | Convert (n = 621) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Female | 57.5 | 63.1 | 47.2 | 62.8 |
Male | 42.5 | 36.9 | 52.8 | 37.2 |
Age | ||||
20–29 | 13.3 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 16.9 |
30–39 | 28.2 | 30.5 | 24.7 | 29.6 |
40–49 | 24.9 | 29.2 | 22.7 | 24.6 |
50+ | 33.5 | 29.8 | 42.4 | 28.8 |
Education | ||||
High school or less | 28.9 | 36.3 | 28.8 | 24.5 |
Associate | 14.4 | 15.3 | 14.6 | 13.4 |
Bachelor’s | 42.2 | 34.9 | 42.8 | 45.9 |
Post-Graduate | 14.5 | 13.6 | 13.8 | 16.3 |
Household Income | ||||
<20 k | 11.1 | 16.6 | 7.9 | 11.0 |
20–40 k | 33.5 | 35.6 | 31.4 | 33.7 |
40–60 k | 28.5 | 23.7 | 31.2 | 28.0 |
>60 k | 26.8 | 24.1 | 29.5 | 27.4 |
Residential Area | ||||
Hong Kong Island | 17.3 | 17.6 | 17.5 | 17.2 |
Kowloon | 31.7 | 34.2 | 30.6 | 31.2 |
New Territories | 51.0 | 48.1 | 52.0 | 51.5 |
Political Orientation | ||||
Pro-Democracy | 27.6 | 35.3 | 18.6 | 29.0 |
Pro-Beijing | 10.8 | 3.4 | 19.0 | 9.0 |
Centrist | 11.6 | 6.1 | 15.3 | 11.3 |
Neutral | 50.0 | 55.3 | 47.2 | 50.7 |
Health Status | ||||
Good | 45.7 | 37.3 | 52.2 | 46.2 |
Moderate | 43.6 | 48.8 | 38.9 | 44.0 |
Poor | 10.7 | 13.9 | 9.0 | 9.8 |
[Reference = Vaccine Resister] | [Reference = Vaccine Advocate] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vaccine Advocate | Vaccine Convert | Vaccine Convert | ||||
AOR | 95% CIs | AOR | 95% CIs | AOR | 95% CIs | |
Sex (Female) | 0.59 | [0.43 0.81] | 0.98 | [0.72 1.32] | 1.74 | [1.35 2.26] |
Age | ||||||
18–29 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
30–39 | 0.65 | [0.37 1.15] | 0.58 | [0.35 0.95] | 0.92 | [0.59 1.43] |
40–49 | 0.54 | [0.30 0.97] | 0.51 | [0.30 0.85] | 0.97 | [0.61 1.53] |
50+ | 1.08 | [0.61 1.94] | 0.65 | [0.39 1.10] | 0.63 | [0.40 0.99] |
No Children | 0.57 | [0.40 0.81] | 0.93 | [0.66 1.31] | 1.64 | [1.24 2.18] |
Education | ||||||
High school or less | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Associate | 1.27 | [0.77 2.08] | 1.33 | [0.84 2.10] | 1.11 | [0.72 1.69] |
Bachelor’s | 1.77 | [1.17 2.68] | 2.03 | [1.38 2.96] | 1.20 | [0.85 1.69] |
Post-Graduate | 1.30 | [0.74 2.28] | 1.92 | [1.15 3.20] | 1.57 | [0.99 2.48] |
Household Income | ||||||
<20 k | - | - | - | - | - | - |
20–40 k | 1.66 | [0.98 2.81] | 1.30 | [0.83 2.05] | 0.81 | [0.50 1.30] |
40–60 k | 2.35 | [1.35 4.08] | 1.48 | [0.91 2.41] | 0.66 | [0.41 1.09] |
>60 k | 1.83 | [1.03 3.26] | 1.27 | [0.76 2.12] | 0.75 | [0.45 1.25] |
Residential Area | ||||||
Hong Kong Island | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Kowloon | 0.96 | [0.60 1.51] | 0.97 | [0.64 1.49] | 1.00 | [0.69 1.47] |
New Territories | 1.16 | [0.75 1.79] | 1.16 | [0.78 1.73] | 0.99 | [0.69 1.41] |
Political Leaning | ||||||
Neutral or None | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Pro-Democrat | 0.46 | [0.32 0.66] | 0.67 | [0.48 0.91] | 1.38 | [1.00 1.92] |
Pro-Beijing | 4.66 | [2.32 9.35] | 2.60 | [1.28 5.27] | 0.52 | [0.35 0.78] |
Health Status | ||||||
Good | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Moderate | 0.59 | [0.43 0.83] | 0.74 | [0.55 1.01] | 1.22 | [0.93 1.59] |
Poor | 0.51 | [0.31 0.86] | 0.55 | [0.34 0.88] | 1.00 | [0.64 1.59] |
Group Comparisons | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Vaccine Advocate a | Vaccine Resister b | Vaccine Convert c | ||||||
n = 1501 | n = 458 | n = 295 | n = 621 | ||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ƞp2 | |
Wave 1 | |||||||||
[T1] Politicization | 4.92 | 1.37 | 4.54 bc | 1.31 | 5.38 ac | 1.34 | 4.99 ab | 1.34 | 0.051 |
[T1] Trust State | 3.66 | 1.47 | 4.50 | 1.37 | 2.87 | 1.27 | 3.42 | 1.32 | 0.193 |
[T1] Trust Media | 4.07 | 1.12 | 4.07 | 1.21 | 4.10 | 1.15 | 4.07 | 1.02 | 0.000 |
[T1] Trust Profs. | 4.60 | 1.15 | 4.67 b | 1.12 | 4.43 a | 1.20 | 4.62 | 1.15 | 0.006 |
[T1] Information Acquisition | 4.64 | 0.98 | 4.92 bc | 0.92 | 4.40 a | 1.04 | 4.55 a | 0.95 | 0.045 |
[T1] Media Attention | 3.65 | 1.03 | 3.87 bc | 1.00 | 3.53 a | 1.10 | 3.55 a | 0.99 | 0.022 |
[T1] Perceived Risk | 4.41 | 1.04 | 4.40 | 1.00 | 4.49 | 1.09 | 4.38 | 1.06 | 0.002 |
[T1] Worry | 4.71 | 1.35 | 4.60 | 1.36 | 4.77 | 1.37 | 4.76 | 1.32 | 0.004 |
[T1] Vaccine Confidence | 0.319 | ||||||||
Wave 2–Wave 1 | |||||||||
[T2-T1] Politicization | −0.03 | 1.26 | 0.17 b | 1.32 | −0.27 ac | 1.21 | −0.05 b | 1.22 | 0.016 |
[T2-T1] Trust State | 0.13 | 1.07 | 0.08 | 1.15 | 0.06 | 1.00 | 0.21 | 1.02 | 0.004 |
[T2-T1] Trust Media | −0.14 | 1.25 | 0.02 bc | 1.24 | −0.31 a | 1.25 | −0.18 a | 1.24 | 0.010 |
[T2-T1] Trust Profs. | −0.09 | 1.3 | 0.19 bc | 1.18 | −0.34 a | 1.38 | −0.19 a | 1.32 | 0.026 |
[T2-T1] Information Acquisition | −0.39 | 1.05 | −0.28 b | 0.98 | −0.60 ac | 1.17 | −0.37 b | 1.04 | 0.012 |
[T2-T1] Media Attention | −0.18 | 1.06 | −0.16 | 0.98 | −0.27 | 1.13 | −0.15 | 1.08 | 0.002 |
[T2-T1] Perceived Risk | −0.10 | 1.01 | 0.04 b | 1.00 | −0.37 ac | 1.04 | −0.07 b | 0.98 | 0.022 |
[T2-T1] Worry | −0.07 | 1.34 | 0.10 bc | 1.36 | −0.18 a | 1.24 | −0.14 a | 1.35 | 0.008 |
[T2-T1] Vaccine Confidence | 0.111 |
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Wang, X.; Huang, Y.-H.C.; Cai, Q. Increasing Vaccination: Psychological Characteristics of COVID-19 Vaccine Advocates, Converts, and Resisters in Hong Kong. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101744
Wang X, Huang Y-HC, Cai Q. Increasing Vaccination: Psychological Characteristics of COVID-19 Vaccine Advocates, Converts, and Resisters in Hong Kong. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101744
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaohui, Yi-Hui Christine Huang, and Qinxian Cai. 2022. "Increasing Vaccination: Psychological Characteristics of COVID-19 Vaccine Advocates, Converts, and Resisters in Hong Kong" Vaccines 10, no. 10: 1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101744