Ingraining Polio Vaccine Acceptance through Public Service Advertisements in the Digital Era: The Moderating Role of Misinformation, Disinformation, Fake News, and Religious Fatalism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Protective Action Decision Theory
2.1.1. Risk Perception
2.1.2. Stakeholder Perception
2.1.3. Protective Action Perception
2.1.4. Public Service Advertisements
2.1.5. Misinformation, Disinformation, and Fake News
2.1.6. Religious Fatalism
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Design, Participants, and Procedure
3.2. Instrumentation
4. Results
4.1. Demographic and Preliminary Analysis
4.2. Measurement Model
4.3. Hypothesis Testing
4.4. Moderation Analysis
5. Discussion
5.1. Managerial Implications
5.2. Limitations and Future Research
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | PSA | RP | RF | SP | PPA | ID | PAM | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSA | 3.25 | 1 | ||||||
RP | 3.65 | 0.089 | 1 | |||||
RF | 3.56 | −0.078 | −0.472 | 1 | ||||
SP | 3.81 | 0.187 | −0.145 | −0.202 | 1 | |||
PPA | 2.78 | 0.087 | 0.326 | 0.506 | −0.171 | 1 | ||
ID | 4.09 | −0.127 | −0.063 | 0.151 | −0.234 | −0.072 | 1 | |
PAM | 3.93 | 0.054 | 0.025 | 0.081 | 0.252 | 0.193 | 0.164 | 1 |
Variables | Estimate |
---|---|
Public Service Advertisements | |
PSA1 | 0.79 |
PSA2 | 0.92 |
PSA3 | 0.64 |
Risk Perception | |
RP1 | 0.97 |
RP2 | 0.86 |
RP3 | 0.76 |
Stakeholder Perception | |
SP1 | 0.81 |
SP2 | 0.89 |
SP3 | 0.77 |
Religious Fatalism | |
RF1 | 0.75 |
RF2 | 0.69 |
RF3 | 0.68 |
RF4 | 0.77 |
Protection Action Motivation (Polio Vaccine Acceptance) | |
PAM1 | 0.80 |
PAM2 | 0.77 |
PAM3 | 0.83 |
Protection Perception Attributes (Dimension: Resource-Related Attributes) | |
RA1 | 0.85 |
RA2 | 0.89 |
RA3 | 0.87 |
Protection Perception Attributes (Dimension: Hazard-Related Attributes) | |
HA1 | 0.84 |
HA2 | 0.79 |
Misinformation | |
MI1 | 0.83 |
MI2 | 0.85 |
MI3 | 0.72 |
Variables | CR | AVE | PSA | RP | SP | PAM | PPA | RF | MI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSA | 0.830 | 0.63 | 0.790 | ||||||
RP | 0.898 | 0.75 | 0.158 | 0.865 | |||||
SP | 0.864 | 0.68 | 0.182 | −0.042 | 0.824 | ||||
PAM | 0.844 | 0.64 | 0.076 | 0.190 | 0.33 | 0.802 | |||
PPA | 0.966 | 0.93 | 0.146 | 0.073 | 0.17 | 0.202 | 0.967 | ||
RF | 0.815 | 0.53 | 0.124 | −0.17 | −0.24 | −0.16 | −0.53 | 0.725 | |
MI | 0.844 | 0.65 | 0.105 | −0.15 | −0.16 | −0.23 | −0.36 | 0.505 | 0.802 |
Direct Influence | β | p-Value | T-Vale | Hypothesis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Perception → PAM (Polio Vaccine Acceptance) | 0.26 | 0.001 | 5.81 | H1 Supported |
Stakeholder Perception → PAM (Polio Vaccine Acceptance) | 0.38 | 0.001 | 6.91 | H2 Supported |
Protective Action Perception → PAM (Polio Vaccine Acceptance) | 0.41 | 0.001 | 7.18 | H3 Supported |
PSA → Risk Perception | 0.24 | 0.001 | 4.25 | H4 Supported |
PSA → Stakeholder Perception | 0.31 | 0.001 | 5.98 | H5 Supported |
PSA → Protective Perception Against Polio | 0.37 | 0.001 | 6.34 | H6 Supported |
Misinformation X Protective Perception → PAM | −0.27 | 0.012 | 3.57 | H7a Supported |
Misinformation X Stakeholder Perception → PAM | −0.21 | 0.031 | 3.61 | H7b Supported |
Religious Fatalism X Risk Perception → PAM | −0.18 | 0.001 | 4.38 | H8 Supported |
Authors | Year | Barriers | Method | Context |
---|---|---|---|---|
Puri [41] | 2020 | Social Media Disinformation | Survey | Vaccine Hesitancy |
Ali [42] | 2020 | Misinformation | Systematic Review | Positive Psychology |
Basch [43] | 2017 | Vaccination Risks and Reactions | Content Analysis YouTube | Vaccine and Children |
Gisondi [44] | 2022 | Infodemics and Misinformation | Opinion | Vaccine Hesitancy |
Ittefaq et al. [9] | 2021 | Misleading Viral Videos | Commentary | Polio Vaccine |
Dettenborn [47] | 2004 | Religious Fatalism | Cross-Sectional study | Health Behavior |
Salazar-Collier [49] | 2021 | Religious Fatalism | Cross-Sectional study | Health Behavior |
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Jin, Q.; Raza, S.H.; Yousaf, M.; Munawar, R.; Shah, A.A.; Hassan, S.; Shaikh, R.S.; Ogadimma, E.C. Ingraining Polio Vaccine Acceptance through Public Service Advertisements in the Digital Era: The Moderating Role of Misinformation, Disinformation, Fake News, and Religious Fatalism. Vaccines 2022, 10, 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101733
Jin Q, Raza SH, Yousaf M, Munawar R, Shah AA, Hassan S, Shaikh RS, Ogadimma EC. Ingraining Polio Vaccine Acceptance through Public Service Advertisements in the Digital Era: The Moderating Role of Misinformation, Disinformation, Fake News, and Religious Fatalism. Vaccines. 2022; 10(10):1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101733
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Qiang, Syed Hassan Raza, Muhammad Yousaf, Rehana Munawar, Amjad Ali Shah, Saima Hassan, Rehan Sadiq Shaikh, and Emenyonu C. Ogadimma. 2022. "Ingraining Polio Vaccine Acceptance through Public Service Advertisements in the Digital Era: The Moderating Role of Misinformation, Disinformation, Fake News, and Religious Fatalism" Vaccines 10, no. 10: 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101733
APA StyleJin, Q., Raza, S. H., Yousaf, M., Munawar, R., Shah, A. A., Hassan, S., Shaikh, R. S., & Ogadimma, E. C. (2022). Ingraining Polio Vaccine Acceptance through Public Service Advertisements in the Digital Era: The Moderating Role of Misinformation, Disinformation, Fake News, and Religious Fatalism. Vaccines, 10(10), 1733. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10101733