The Uptake and Vaccination Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccine among Chinese Residents: Web-Based Online Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Characteristics of Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Participants
3.3. Influencing Factors of the Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccines
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The vaccination rate in China is higher than the willingness showed in a series of previous surveys. Owing to the implementation of a free vaccination policy and supporting the work of public health institutions, Chinese residents are vaccinated to immunise both themselves and others from the coronavirus.
- (2)
- Family members and close friends have an impact on the uptake and vaccination willingness of the COVID-19 vaccine among Chinese residents. Thus, collective vaccination and publicization work emphasized the value of helping others by receiving injections are essential to expanding the vaccine coverage.
- (3)
- Publicity and education about vaccines need to be further promoted in China. Public health institutions and medical workers play an important role in making it clearer for residents to understand the knowledge of vaccines, especially the safety and effectiveness, to increase the willingness of vaccination.
- (4)
- Online publicity methods are of significance to release the vaccine information, especially the official online media. Research and development of vaccines and the national vaccination progress should be updated to the public at a certain frequency.
6. Limitations and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Contents | Participants, n (%) | Vaccinated Participants, n (%) | Unvaccinated Participants, n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 347 (44.15) | 295 (44.56) | 52 (41.94) |
Female | 439 (55.85) | 367 (55.44) | 72 (58.06) | |
Age group | Under 18 | 21 (2.67) | 6 (0.91) | 15 (12.10) |
18–35 | 617 (78.50) | 530 (80.06) | 87 (70.16) | |
36–59 | 115 (14.63) | 101 (15.26) | 14 (11.29) | |
60 and above | 33 (4.20) | 25 (3.78) | 8 (6.45) | |
Living area | Urban | 678 (86.26) | 567 (85.65) | 111 (89.52) |
Rural | 108 (13.74) | 95 (14.35) | 13 (10.48) | |
Educational background | High school and below | 107 (13.61) | 81 (12.24) | 26 (20.97) |
Associate college | 93 (11.83) | 80 (12.08) | 13 (10.48) | |
College degree | 364 (46.31) | 314 (47.43) | 50 (40.32) | |
Master’s degree and above | 222 (28.24) | 187 (28.25) | 35 (28.23) | |
Occupation | Employees of enterprises and institutions | 268 (34.10) | 214 (32.33) | 54 (43.55) |
Medical workers | 60 (7.63) | 58 (8.76) | 2 (1.61) | |
Civil servants | 101 (12.85) | 89 (13.44) | 12 (9.68) | |
Teachers | 49 (6.23) | 43 (6.50) | 6 (4.84) | |
Students | 219 (27.86) | 184 (27.79) | 35 (28.23) | |
Farmers | 24 (3.05) | 22 (3.32) | 2 (1.61) | |
Retired | 41 (5.22) | 32 (4.83) | 9 (7.26) | |
Others | 24 (3.05) | 20 (3.02) | 4 (3.23) | |
Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine | Yes | 662 (84.22) | ||
No | 124 (15.78) |
Variables | Participants, n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Reasons for vaccination | Immune from COVID-19 | 422 (40.04) |
Supporting the vaccination policies | 507 (48.10) | |
Requirement of workplace | 125 (11.86) | |
Manufacturer of vaccines | Tianjin Cansino Biotechnology Inc. | 25 (3.78) |
Beijing Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd. | 39 (5.89) | |
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products and Wuhan Institute of Virology | 103 (15.56) | |
Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd. | 335 (50.60) | |
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | 83 (12.54) | |
Other manufacturers | 11 (1.66) | |
No knowledge of the manufacturer | 66 (9.97) | |
The primary vaccination progress | Completed partial injections | 530 (80.06) |
Completed all injections | 132 (19.94) | |
Organizer of vaccination | Community | 281 (42.45) |
School | 176 (26.59) | |
Workplace | 189 (28.55) | |
Other organizers | 16 (2.42) | |
Source of vaccine information | Reports from the official online media | 637 (34.98) |
Authoritative News media | 522 (28.67) | |
Social media | 382 (20.98) | |
Short video applications | 118 (6.48) | |
Recommendation of web pages | 55 (3.02) | |
Online health community | 93 (5.11) | |
Other sources | 14 (0.77) |
Variables | Participants, n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Reasons for non-vaccination | Fear of side effects or adverse reactions of vaccines | 37 (20.11) |
Doubts about the effectiveness of vaccines | 14 (7.61) | |
COVID-19 virus mutates too fast that vaccination may not prevent infection | 19 (10.33) | |
Research and development work of COVID-19 vaccine is immature yet | 13 (7.07) | |
Belief of the safety of living area and unnecessity of vaccination | 26 (14.13) | |
Personal health status | 44 (23.91) | |
In the process of getting other vaccines | 10 (5.43) | |
Degree of vaccine hesitation (Regardless of the price of vaccine) | Very high | 16 (12.90) |
High | 18 (14.52) | |
Fair | 49 (39.52) | |
Low | 20 (16.13) | |
Very low | 21 (16.94) | |
Preference of the type of vaccine (Classified by the times of infections) | 1 injection | 36 (29.03) |
2 injections | 34 (27.42) | |
3 injections | 10 (8.06) | |
No preference for vaccine | 44 (35.48) | |
Preference of the organizer of vaccination | Community | 59 (47.58) |
School | 25 (20.16) | |
Workplace | 39 (31.45) | |
Other organizers | 1 (0.81) | |
Source of vaccine information | Reports from the official online media | 91 (32.27) |
Authoritative News media | 81 (28.72) | |
Social media | 69 (24.47) | |
Short video applications | 15 (5.32) | |
Recommendation of web pages | 11 (3.90) | |
Online health community | 14 (4.96) | |
Other sources | 1 (0.35) |
Variables | Unvaccinated, n (%) | Vaccinated, n (%) | χ2/t | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.292 | 0.589 | ||
Male | 52 (14.99) | 295(85.01) | ||
Female | 72 (16.40) | 367(83.60) | ||
Age group | 0.292 | 0.000 | ||
Under 18 | 15 (71.43) | 6 (28.57) | ||
18–35 | 87 (14.10) | 530 (85.90) | ||
36–59 | 14 (12.17) | 101 (87.83) | ||
60 and above | 8 (24.24) | 25 (75.76) | ||
Living area | 1.317 | 0.251 | ||
Urban | 111 (16.37) | 567 (83.63) | ||
Rural | 13 (12.04) | 95 (87.96) | ||
Highest level of education | 7.216 | 0.065 | ||
High school and below | 26 (24.30) | 81 (75.70) | ||
Associate college | 13 (13.98) | 80 (86.02) | ||
College degree | 50 (13.74) | 314 (86.26) | ||
Master’s degree and above | 35 (15.77) | 187 (84.23) | ||
Occupation | 14.660 | 0.041 | ||
Employees of enterprises and institutions | 54 (20.15) | 214 (79.85) | ||
Medical workers | 2 (3.33) | 58 (96.67) | ||
Civil servants | 12 (11.88) | 89 (88.12) | ||
Teachers | 6 (12.24) | 43 (87.76) | ||
Students | 35 (15.98) | 184 (84.02) | ||
Farmers | 2 (8.33) | 22 (91.67) | ||
Retired | 9 (21.95) | 32 (78.05) | ||
Others | 4 (16.67) | 20 (83.33) | ||
Non-vaccination due to personal health status | 21.771 | 0.000 | ||
Yes | 50 (40.32) | |||
No | 74 (59.68) | |||
Attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic 1 | 2.93 ± 0.53 | 2.93 ± 0.59 | −0.103 | 0.918 |
Attitudes towards the 1 COVID-19 vaccine | 4.12 ± 0.70 | 4.39 ± 0.59 | 4.031 | 0.000 |
Exposure of COVID-19 vaccine Information | 3.022 | 0.003 | ||
Very much | 43 (34.68) | 289 (43.66) | ||
Much | 58 (46.77) | 297 (44.86) | ||
Fair | 17 (13.71) | 72 (10.88) | ||
Less | 5 (4.03) | 4 (0.60) | ||
Very little | 1 (0.81) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Proportion of family members’ vaccine uptake | 8.025 | 0.000 | ||
Very high | 17 (4.56) | 356 (95.44) | ||
High | 51 (17.71) | 237 (82.29) | ||
Fair | 25 (37.31) | 42 (62.69) | ||
Low | 27 (51.92) | 25 (48.08) | ||
Very low | 4 (66.67) | 2 (33.33) | ||
Proportion of close friends’ vaccine uptake | 9.744 | 0.000 | ||
Very high | 13 (5.96) | 205 (94.04) | ||
High | 66 (13.81) | 412 (86.19) | ||
Fair | 22 (33.85) | 43 (66.15) | ||
Low | 23 (92.00) | 2 (8.00) | ||
Very low | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) |
Characteristics | β | Standard Error | Wald | Degree of Freedom | p Value | Odds Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age group (Ref = 60 and above) | 22.569 | 3 | 0.000 | |||
Under 18 | 2.514 | 0.96 | 6.864 | 1 | 0.009 | 12.357 |
18–35 | −0.258 | 0.758 | 0.116 | 1 | 0.733 | 0.773 |
36–59 | −0.561 | 0.72 | 0.608 | 1 | 0.435 | 0.57 |
Occupation (Ref = Others) | 9.112 | 7 | 0.245 | |||
Employees of enterprises and institutions | 0.215 | 0.655 | 0.108 | 1 | 0.742 | 1.24 |
Medical workers | −1.467 | 0.97 | 2.285 | 1 | 0.131 | 0.231 |
Civil servants | 0.019 | 0.718 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.979 | 1.019 |
Teachers | 0.113 | 0.791 | 0.02 | 1 | 0.887 | 1.119 |
Students | −0.211 | 0.677 | 0.097 | 1 | 0.755 | 0.81 |
Farmers | −1.475 | 1.134 | 1.691 | 1 | 0.193 | 0.229 |
Retired | 0.135 | 0.945 | 0.021 | 1 | 0.886 | 1.145 |
Non-vaccination due to personal health status (Ref = No) | 0.907 | 0.245 | 13.729 | 1 | 0.000 | 2.476 |
Proportion of family members’ vaccine uptake | −0.819 | 0.119 | 47.625 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.441 |
Proportion of close friends’ vaccine uptake | −0.896 | 0.184 | 23.595 | 1 | 0.000 | 0.408 |
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Kong, Y.; Jiang, H.; Liu, Z.; Guo, Y.; Hu, D. The Uptake and Vaccination Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccine among Chinese Residents: Web-Based Online Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2022, 10, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010090
Kong Y, Jiang H, Liu Z, Guo Y, Hu D. The Uptake and Vaccination Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccine among Chinese Residents: Web-Based Online Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2022; 10(1):90. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010090
Chicago/Turabian StyleKong, Yi, Hao Jiang, Zhisheng Liu, Yi Guo, and Dehua Hu. 2022. "The Uptake and Vaccination Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccine among Chinese Residents: Web-Based Online Cross-Sectional Study" Vaccines 10, no. 1: 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010090