Factors Influencing Australian Healthcare Workers’ COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions across Settings: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants, Setting and Context
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Motivation
3.2. Thinking and Feeling
3.2.1. Factors Influencing COVID-19 Vaccine Decision-Making
3.2.2. Vaccine Concerns for Those Unsure or Not Intending to Accept the Vaccine
3.2.3. Perceived Risks of COVID-19
3.2.4. Beliefs about COVID-19 Vaccines
3.3. Practical Issues
3.3.1. Information about COVID-19 Vaccines
3.3.2. Perceived Convenience of COVID-19 Vaccination
3.3.3. Employer Requirements
3.3.4. Communication Preferences
4. Discussion
Strengths, Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | Hospital % (n/N) | Primary Care % (n/N) | Aged Care % (n/N) | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 1811 | N = 898 | N = 365 | N = 3074 | |
Gender # | ||||
Female | 88.6 (1552/1751) | 77.1 (671/870) | 89.8 (309/344) | 85.4 (2532/2965) |
Age # | ||||
18–49 | 59.5 (1044/1754) | 50.2 (436/869) | 47.8 (163/341) | 55.4 (1643/2964) |
50≤ | 40.5 (710/1754) | 49.8 (433/869) | 52.2 (178/341) | 44.6 (1321/2964) |
Country of birth | ||||
Born in Australia | 70.2 (1272/1811) | 68.5 (615/898) | 57.5 (210/365) | 68.2 (2097/3074) |
Indigenous Australian (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) # | ||||
Yes | 0.5 (8/1749) | 1.0 (9/860) | 2.3 (8/341) | 0.8 (25/2950) |
Language other than English spoken at home # | ||||
Yes | 13.7 (235/1717) | 15.9 (134/843) | 27.2 (89/327) | 15.9 (458/2887) |
Culturally and linguistically diverse ^^,# | ||||
Yes | 33.3 (592/1780) | 36.9 (324/878) | 47.5 (168/354) | 36.0 (1084/3012) |
Occupation | ||||
Nurse | 75.2 (1362/1811) | 46.8 (420/898) | 79.2 (289/365) | 67.4 (2071/3074) |
Medical Doctor | 5.6 (102/1811) | 7.6 (68/898) | 0.3 (1/365) | 5.6 (171/3074) |
Pharmacist | 1.2 (22/1811) | 3.0 (27/898) | 1.1 (4/365) | 1.7 (53/3074) |
Allied Health Professional | 9.5 (172/1811) | 6.3 (57/898) | 0.8 (3/365) | 7.5 (232/3074) |
Personal support staff | 0.2 (4/1811) | 1.2 (11/898) | 14.0 (51/365) | 2.1 (66/3074) |
Ambulance staff | 0.4 (8/1811) | 12.9 (116/898) | 0.0 (0/365) | 4.0 (124/3074) |
Other | 7.8 (141/1811) | 22.2 (199/898) | 4.7 (17/365) | 11.6 (357/3074) |
Employment status # | ||||
Full-time | 39.2 (681/1737) | 48.0 (415/864) | 32.2 (109/339) | 41.0 (1205/2940) |
Regionality # | ||||
Regional | 20.4 (328/1609) | 27.6 (221/802) | 42.1 (135/321) | 25.0 (684/2732) |
Metropolitan | 79.6 (1281/1609) | 72.4 (581/802) | 57.9 (186/321) | 75.0 (2048/2732) |
Any comorbidity # | ||||
Yes | 32.4 (515/1589) | 33.5 (269/803) | 35.5 (110/310) | 33.1 (894/2702) |
Has been tested for COVID # | ||||
Yes | 83.0 (1494/1800) | 68.0 (609/895) | 84.9 (309/364) | 78.8 (2412/3059) |
Characteristic | All HCWs, N | Would Get the COVID-19 Vaccine? % (n) | Unadjusted Risk Difference (Difference in Proportion) ^,* | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | Not Sure | No | |||||
Total | 3074 | 77.9 (2394) | 14.0 (429) | 8.1 (251) | N/A | ||
Gender # | |||||||
Female | 2532 | 78.3 (1982) | 14.4 (365) | 7.3 (185) | |||
Male | 392 | 85.5 (335) | 7.7 (30) | 6.9 (27) | 7.2 | 3.3 to 11.0 | <0.001 |
Prefer not to say | 41 | 31.7 (13) | 24.4 (10) | 43.9 (18) | −46.6 | −60.9 to −32.2 | <0.001 |
Age # | |||||||
18–49 | 1643 | 74.1 (1217) | 16.3 (268) | 9.6 (158) | |||
50=< | 1321 | 84.4 (1115) | 10.4 (138) | 5.1 (68) | 10.3 | 7.5 to 13.2 | <0.001 |
Country of birth | |||||||
Born in Australia | 2097 | 78.4 (1645) | 13.3 (279) | 8.2 (173) | |||
Not born in Australia | 977 | 76.7 (749) | 15.4 (150) | 8.0 (78) | −1.8 | −5.0 to 1.4 | 0.272 |
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander # | |||||||
Yes | 25 | 60.0 (15) | 24.0 (6) | 16.0 (4) | |||
No | 2893 | 79.4 (2297) | 13.4 (387) | 7.2 (209) | 19.4 | 0.1 to 38.7 | 0.048 |
Prefer not to say | 32 | 34.4 (11) | 28.1 (9) | 37.5 (12) | −25.6 | −50.9 to −0.3 | 0.047 |
Language other than English spoken at home # | |||||||
Yes | 458 | 75.5 (346) | 17.2 (79) | 7.2 (33) | |||
No | 2429 | 79.1 (1921) | 13.1 (318) | 7.8 (190) | 3.5 | −0.7 to 7.8 | 0.103 |
Culturally and linguistically diverse ^^,# | |||||||
Yes | 1084 | 76.7 (831) | 15.1 (164) | 8.2 (89) | |||
No | 1928 | 78.4 (1511) | 13.4 (258) | 8.2 (159) | 1.7 | −1.4 to 4.8 | 0.282 |
Occupation | |||||||
Nurse | 2071 | 76.9 (1592) | 14.4 (299) | 8.7 (180) | |||
Medical Doctor | 171 | 93.6 (160) | 4.1 (7) | 2.3 (4) | 16.7 | 12.6 to 20.8 | <0.001 |
Pharmacist | 53 | 96.2 (51) | 1.9 (1) | 1.9 (1) | 19.4 | 13.9 to 24.8 | <0.001 |
Allied Health Professional | 232 | 76.3 (177) | 17.2 (40) | 6.5 (15) | −0.6 | −6.3 to 5.2 | 0.844 |
Personal support staff | 66 | 56.1 (37) | 25.8 (17) | 18.2 (12) | −20.8 | −32.9 to −8.7 | 0.001 |
Ambulance staff | 124 | 79.8 (99) | 12.9 (16) | 7.3 (9) | 3.0 | −4.3 to 10.3 | 0.425 |
Other | 357 | 77.9 (278) | 13.7 (49) | 8.4 (30) | 1.0 | −3.7 to 5.7 | 0.675 |
Occupation settings # | |||||||
Hospital | 1811 | 77.1 (1396) | 14.4 (260) | 8.6 (155) | |||
Primary care (community or private practice) | 898 | 84.1 (755) | 10.7 (96) | 5.2 (47) | 7.0 | 3.9 to 10.1 | <0.001 |
Residential aged or disability care facility | 365 | 66.6 (243) | 20.0 (73) | 13.4 (49) | −10.5 | −15.7 to −5.3 | <0.001 |
Employment status # | |||||||
Full-time | 1205 | 81.4 (981) | 11.8 (142) | 6.8 (82) | |||
Part-time | 1735 | 76.9 (1334) | 15.0 (261) | 8.1 (140) | −4.5 | −7.5 to −1.6 | 0.003 |
Regionality # | |||||||
Regional | 684 | 76.3 (522) | 15.1 (103) | 8.6 (59) | |||
Metropolitan | 2048 | 82.0 (1680) | 12.5 (256) | 5.5 (112) | 5.7 | 2.1 to 9.3 | 0.002 |
Any comorbidity # | |||||||
Yes | 894 | 80.4 (719) | 13.4 (120) | 6.2 (55) | |||
No | 1808 | 78.5 (1420) | 13.8 (250) | 7.6 (138) | −1.9 | −5.1 to 1.3 | 0.251 |
Has been tested for COVID # | |||||||
Yes | 2412 | 79.7 (1922) | 14.1 (339) | 6.3 (151) | |||
No | 647 | 71.3 (461) | 13.4 (87) | 15.3 (99) | −8.4 | −12.3 to −4.6 | <0.001 |
Thoughts and Feelings and Practical Issues | Would Get the COVID-19 Vaccine?Yes, % (n/N) | Adjusted Risk Difference ^,* (95% CI, p-Value) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hospital | Primary Care | Aged Care | Hospital | Primary Care | Aged Care | |
N = 1811 | N = 898 | N = 365 | ||||
Perceived risks of COVID-19 | ||||||
Concerned about getting COVID-19 ^^ | ||||||
Not at all/A little | 75.1 (789/1050) | 82.4 (430/522) | 69.5 (146/210) | |||
Very/Moderately | 79.9 (605/757) | 86.7 (325/375) | 62.6 (97/155) | 2.9 (−0.9 to 6.6; 0.139) | 4.2 (0.1 to 8.4; 0.050) | 4.2 (−14.8 to 6.3; 0.430) |
Concerned about your patients or residents getting COVID-19 from you ^^ | ||||||
Not at all/A little | 71.5 (656/917) | 81.5 (358/439) | 60.1 (89/148) | |||
Very/Moderately | 82.9 (739/891) | 86.4 (394/456) | 71.6 (154/215) | 8.6 (4.9 to 12.3; <0.001) | 2.4 (−1.9 to 6.7; 0.260) | −1.4 (−11.6 to 8.8; 0.790) |
Beliefs about the COVID-19 vaccine | ||||||
Trust the new COVID-19 vaccines ^^^ | ||||||
Not at all/A little | 23.6 (101/428) | 25.5 (35/137) | 15.7 (20/127) | |||
Very/moderately | 93.6 (1290/1378) | 94.6 (717/758) | 93.7 (222/237) | 66.3(61.3 to 71.2; <0.001) | 63.2 (54.0 to 72.5; <0.001) | 50.7 (50.7 to 50.7; <0.001) |
Think getting a COVID-19 vaccine will be important for your health ^^^ | ||||||
Not at all/A little | 25.4 (88/346) | 25.7 (35/136) | 16.1 (18/112) | |||
Very/moderately | 89.4 (1296/1450) | 94.6 (718/759) | 89.2 (223/250) | 60.5 (54.8 to 66.2; <0.001) | 59.5 (49.9 to 69.0; <0.001) | 36.7 (−92.4 to 165.9; 0.580) |
Think getting a COVID-19 vaccine will protect other people in your community from COVID-19 ^^^ | ||||||
Not at all/A little | 21.6 (63/292) | 28.2 (33/117) | 12.0 (12/100) | |||
Very/moderately | 87.8 (1321/1504) | 92.5 (712/770) | 87.4 (229/262) | 61.5 (55.4 to 67.7; <0.001) | 41.1 (31.2 to 51.0; <0.001) | 58.8 (58.7 to 58.8; <0.001) |
Think a COVID-19 vaccine will be safe for you ^^^ | ||||||
Not at all/A little | 23.9 (104/436) | 27.8 (40/144) | 12.9 (15/116) | |||
Very/moderately | 94.0 (1279/1361) | 95.0 (709/746) | 91.9 (226/246) | 67.0 (62.0 to 71.9; <0.001) | 59.6 (50.3 to 68.9; <0.001) | 52.1 (47.4 to 56.8; <0.001) |
Concerned that a COVID-19 vaccine could cause you to have a serious reaction ^^^ | ||||||
Not at all/A little | 51.5 (333/647) | 62.4 (156/250) | 47.6 (91/191) | |||
Very/moderately | 91.4 (1055/1154) | 92.5 (594/642) | 87.8 (151/172) | 37.6 (−42.1 to −33.1; <0.001) | 22.1 (15.4 to 28.7; <0.001) | 37.6 (28.1 to 47.1; <0.001) |
Sufficient information about COVID-19 vaccines | ||||||
Not informed about at least one of the five issues | 71.2 (945/1328) | 79.5 (495/623) | 58.5 (155/265) | |||
Informed about all five issues | 94.8 (438/462) | 95.5 (257/269) | 88.8 (87/98) | 19.9 (17.4 to 22.4; <0.001) | 13.4 (9.4 to 17.4; <0.001) | 32.2 (25.0 to 39.4; <0.001) |
Perceived convenience of getting a COVID-19 vaccine | ||||||
Not at all/A little | 48.8 (137/281) | 71.5 (133/186) | 29.1 (25/86) | |||
Very/moderately | 82.3 (1250/1519) | 87.4 (619/708) | 79.0 (218/276) | 29.6 (22.7 to 36.5; <0.001) | 11.1 (4.4 to 17.9; <0.001) | 44.4 (32.2 to 56.6; <0.001) |
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Kaufman, J.; Bagot, K.L.; Hoq, M.; Leask, J.; Seale, H.; Biezen, R.; Sanci, L.; Manski-Nankervis, J.-A.; Bell, J.S.; Munro, J.; et al. Factors Influencing Australian Healthcare Workers’ COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions across Settings: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Vaccines 2022, 10, 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010003
Kaufman J, Bagot KL, Hoq M, Leask J, Seale H, Biezen R, Sanci L, Manski-Nankervis J-A, Bell JS, Munro J, et al. Factors Influencing Australian Healthcare Workers’ COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions across Settings: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Vaccines. 2022; 10(1):3. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaufman, Jessica, Kathleen L. Bagot, Monsurul Hoq, Julie Leask, Holly Seale, Ruby Biezen, Lena Sanci, Jo-Anne Manski-Nankervis, J. Simon Bell, Jane Munro, and et al. 2022. "Factors Influencing Australian Healthcare Workers’ COVID-19 Vaccine Intentions across Settings: A Cross-Sectional Survey" Vaccines 10, no. 1: 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010003